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| A term for leaders who are direct descendents of the prophet Muhammed through his first grandson, Hasan ibn Ali. |
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| established the model for later empires of the Sahel region of the western Sudan. Located well north of and unrelated to modern Ghana. |
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| less a centralized bureaucratic state and more the center of a vast sphere of influence that included provinces and tribute-paying kingdoms. |
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| the greatest Keita king whose pilgrimage through Mamluk Cairo to Mecca in 1324 became famous. |
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| city located in Central Mali near the Niger River. became one of the major commercial centers of the West Sudan region, famous for its gold trade. |
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| The state was founded by Berbers in central Mali. The rulers accepted Islam. Its power was much increased by Sonni Ali, who occupied Timbuktu in 1468. Songhai reached its greatest extent under Askia Muhammad I |
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| began as a southern Saharan confederation of the nomadic tribes known as Zaghawah |
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| forest kingdom that reflects the sophistication of West African culture before 1500; its art is renowned for its enduring beauty. |
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| European name for a segment of the coastline. Served as an outlet for the gold fields in the forestland of Akan. Heavily affected by the arrival of international maritime trade. |
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| located on a fertile, well-watered plateau south of the lower Zaire River valley. Built a central government based on a pyramid structure of tax or tribute collection. |
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| first members were of the hunter-gatherer Khoisan group. Bantu-speaking peoples from West Africa arrived in the region in the 13th cent., partially displacing the Khoisan and establishing a number of powerful kingdoms |
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| A language and culture that developed from the interaction of Africans and Arabs along the East African coast. |
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| The Spanish and Portuguese term for Muslims |
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| became a new major power center in East Africa under the power of the Omanis. |
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| now only ruins of the apparent capital. A huge site encompassing two major building complexes. |
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| Trading company founded by the Dutch in 1602 to protect their trade in the Indian Ocean and to assist in their war of independence from Spain. |
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| White livestock farmers in Cape Colony |
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| The new language, derived from Dutch, that evolved in the seventeenth and eighteenth-century Cape Colony. |
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| “Apartness,” the term referring to the racist policies enforced by the White-dominated regime that existed in South Africa from 1948 to 1992. |
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| “Apartness,” the term referring to the racist policies enforced by the White-dominated regime that existed in South Africa from 1948 to 1992. |
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