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| Carry or move inward toward a central structure |
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| Protective mechanism that blocks a specific substances found in the bloodstream from entering delicate brain tissue |
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| carry or move away from a central structure |
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| Complex neutral system located beneath the cerebrum that controls basic emotions and drive and plays an important role in memory |
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| Additional external myelin sheath that is formed by Schwann cells and found only on axons in the peripheral nervous system |
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| organ chamber or cavity that receives or holds fluid |
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| sheath (usually referring to meninges) |
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| ventricle (of the heart or brain) |
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| Inability to comprehend auditory, visual, spatial, olfactory, or other sensations, although the sensory sphere is intact |
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| weakness, debility, or loss of strength |
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| Lack of muscle coordination in the execution of voluntary movement |
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| injury to the head in which the dura mater remains intact and brain tissue is not exposed |
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| Abnormal deep unconsciousness with an absence of voluntary response stimuli |
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| injury to the brain, occasionally with transient loss of consciousness, as a results of trauma to the head |
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| Any sudden and violent contraction of one or more voluntary muscles |
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| Broad term that refers to cognitive deficit, including memory impairment |
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| inability to learn and process written language, despite adequate intelligence, sensory ability, and exposure |
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| Autoimmune condition that causes acute inflammation of the peripheral nerves in which myelin sheaths on he axons are destroyed, resulting in decreased nerve impulses, loss of reflex response, and sudden muscle weakness |
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| Acute inflammatory eruption of highly painful vesicles on the trunk of the body or, occasionally, the face; also called shingles |
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| Inherited disease of the CNS characterized by quick, involuntary movements, speech disturbances, and metal deterioration |
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| Accumulation of fluid in the ventricle of brain, causing increased intracranial pressure, thinning of brain tissue, and separation of cranial bones |
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| Hydrocephalus that develops at birth or any time afterward as a result of injury or disease |
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| hydrocephalus caused by factors that occur during fetal development or as a result of genetic abnormality |
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| Abnormal inactivity or lack of response to normal stimuli |
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| congenital deformity in which some or all of fetal brain is missing |
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| Congenital deformity of the neural tube (embryonic structure that becomes the fetal brain and spinal cord), which fails to close during fetal development; also called neural tube defect |
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| Form of spinal bifida in which the spinal cord develops properly but the meninges protrude through the spine |
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| Most severe form of spinal bifida in which the spinal cord and meninges protrude through the spine |
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| Form of spinal bifida in which one or more vertebrae are malformed and the spinal cord is covered with a layer of skin |
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| Paralysis, usually partial, and commonly characterized by weakness and shaking or uncontrolled tremor |
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| Facial paralysis caused by a functional disorder of the 7th cranial nerve |
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| type of paralysis that affects movement and body position and, sometimes, speech and learning ability |
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| loss of voluntary motion in one or more muscle groups with or without loss of sensation |
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| Paralysis of one side of the body; typically as the result of a stroke; also called unilateral paralysis |
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| Paralysis of both lower limbs, typically as a result of trauma or disease if the lower spinal cord |
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| Paralysis of both arms and legs, commonly resulting in bowel, bladder, and sexual dysfunction |
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| Sensation of numbness, prickling, tingling, or heightened sensitivity |
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| Inflammation of the gray matter of the spinal cord caused by a virus, commonly resulting in spinal and muscle deformity and paralysis |
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| Acute encephalopathy and fatty infiltration of the brain, liver, and possibly, the pancreas, heart, kidney, spleen, and lymph nodes |
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| Bried loss of consciousness and posture caused by a temporary decrease of blood flow to the brain; also called fainting |
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| Recording of electrical activity in the brain, whose cells emit distinct patterns of rhythmic electrical impulses |
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| Recording of electrical signals that occur in a muscle when it is at rest and during contraction to assess muscular disease or nerve damage |
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| Needle puncture of the spinal cavity to extract spinal fluid for diagnostic purposes, introduce anesthetic agents into the spinal canal, or remove fluid to allow other fluids (such as radiopaque substances) to be injected |
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| nerve conduction velocity |
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| test that measures the speed at which impulses travel through a nerve |
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| technique that exposes abnormal tissue to extreme cold or destroy it |
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| stereotactic radiosurgery |
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| Precisely focused (stereotactic) radiation beams are used to treat tumors and other abnormal growths in the brain, spinal column and other body sites, and delivers high doses of radiation to the tumor with minimal exposure to surrounding healthy tissue |
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| Partial destruction of the thalamus to treat intractable pain; involuntary movements, including tremors in Parkinson disease; or emotional disturbances |
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| transection of a nerve tract in the brain stem or spinal cord |
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| Technique that cuts a circular opening into the skull to reveal brain tissue and decrease intracranial pressure |
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| ventriculoperitoneal shunting |
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| Relieves intracranial pressure due to hydrocephalus by diverting (shunting) excess cerebrospinal fluid from the ventricles into the peritoneal or thoracic cavity |
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| cerebrospinal fluid analysis |
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| Laboratory test to examine a sample of the fluid surrounding the brain and spinal cord; used to dx disorders of the central nervous system including viral and bacterial infections, tumors, and hemorrhage |
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| Radiographic image (angiogram) of the inside of a blood vessel after injection of a contrast medium; also called arteriography |
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| Angiography in combination with a CT scan to produce high-resolution, 3D vascular images of the blood vessels |
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| CT scan of the lumbar region after injection of a contrast medium to detect problems with a spine and spinal nerve roots |
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| US technique used to study intracranial structures of the brain and dx conditions that cause a shift in the midline structures of the brain |
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| Noninvasive neuroimaging technique to pinpoint the specific location where seizure activity originates and enable custom surgical tx for tumor and epileptic tissue resection; also called magnetoencephalography |
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| Radiographic examination to detect pathology of the spinal cord, including the location of a spinal cord injury, cysts, and tumors following injection of a contrast medium |
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| positron emission tomography |
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| CT that records the positrons (positively charged particles) emitted from a radiopharmaceutical and produces a cross sectional image of metabolic activity of body tissues to determine the presence of disease |
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