Term
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Definition
| Punishment has occurred when a stimulus change immediately follows a response and _____ the future frequency of that type of behavior in similar conditions. |
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Term
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Definition
| A decrease in the _____ of the occurrence of the behavior must be observed before a consequence-based intervention qualifies as punishment. |
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Term
| increase in stimulus intensity |
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Definition
| Positive punishment has occurred when the frequency of responding has been decreased by the presentation of a stimulus (or an _____) immediately following a behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| Negative punishment has occurred when the frequency of responding has been decreased by the _____ (or a decrease in the stimulus intensity) immediately following a behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| Because aversive events are associated with positive punishment and with negative reinforcement, the term _____ is often used to describe interventions involving either or both of these two principles. |
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Term
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Definition
| A _____ is a stimulus change that immediately follows the occurrence of a behavior and reduces the future frequency of that type of behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| An _____ is a stimulus whose presentation functions as punishment without having been paired with any other punishers. |
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Term
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Definition
| A _____ is a stimulus that has acquired its punishing capabilities by being paired with unconditioned or conditioned punishers. |
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Term
| generalized conditioned punisher |
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Definition
| A _____ will function as punishment under a wide range of motivating operations because of its previous pairing with numerous unconditioned and conditioned punishers. |
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Term
| Punishment is more effective when... |
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Definition
- the onset of the punisher occurs as soon as possible after the occurrence of a target response.
- the intensity of the punisher is high,
- each occurrence of the behavior is followed by the punishing consequence
- reinforcement for the target behavior is reduced
- reinforcement is available for alternative behaviors |
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Term
| Side Effects of Punishment |
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Definition
- Emotional and aggressive reactions to aversive stimulation
- Escape and Avoidance behaviors
- Behavioral contrast
- The modeling of undesirable behavior
- Overuse of punishment caused by the negative reinforcement of the punishing agent's behavior (I.e., an immediate cessation of the problem behavior) |
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Term
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Definition
| Reduced responding from punishment in one situation may be accompanied by increased responding in situations in which responses go unpunished. |
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Term
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Definition
| Used sparingly, firm _____ such as "No!" can suppress future responding. |
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Term
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Definition
| When the learner begins to emit the problem behavior, the therapist physically intervenes to prevent or "block" the completion of the response. |
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Term
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Definition
| ______ is a punishment-based tactic in which, contingent on each occurrence of the problem behavior, the learner is required to engage in effortful behavior that is directly or logically related to the problem. |
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Term
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Definition
| In _____ overcorrection, the learner must repair the damage caused by the problem behavior and then bring the environment to a condition vastly better than it was prior to the misbehavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| In _____ overcorrection, the learner repeatedly performs a correct form of the behavior, or a behavior incompatible with the problem behavior, for a specified time or number of responses. |
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Term
| chronic and life-threatening |
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Definition
| Contingent electric stimulation can be a safe and effective method for suppressing _____ self-injurious behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| The first ethical responsibility for any human services professional or agency is to _____. |
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Term
| degrading or disrespectful |
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Definition
| Any intervention must be physically safe for all involved and contain no elements that are _____ to the client. |
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Term
| least restrictive alternative |
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Definition
| The doctrine of the _____ holds that less intrusive procedures (e.g., positive reductive approaches) must be tried first and found to be ineffective before more intrusive procedures are implemented (e.g., a punishment-based intervention). |
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Term
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Definition
| Some maintain that the failure to use a punishment procedure that research has shown to suppress self-destructive behavior similar to the client's is _____ because it withholds a potentially effective treatment and may maintain a dangerous or uncomfortable state for the person. |
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Term
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Definition
| Agencies and individuals providing applied behavior analysis services can help ensure that applications of punishment-based interventions are safe, humane, ethical, and effective by creating and following a set of _____, procedural safeguards, and evaluation requirements. |
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Term
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Definition
| Applied behavior analysts should _____ the natural role of punishment and the importance of punishment to learning. |
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Term
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Definition
| Many misapplications of punishment reflect the field's ______ of the principle. More basic and applied research on punishment is needed. |
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