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| the life of a cell from the time it is first formed from a dividing parent cell until its own division into two cells |
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| cell's genetic information |
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| all body cells except the reproductive cells |
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| a complex of DNA and associated protein molecules (make up eukaryotic chromosomes) |
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| contain an identical DNA molecule |
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| specialized region where the two chromatids are most closely attached |
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| the division of the cytoplasm, which usually follows mitosis |
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| a modified type of cell division in sexually reproducing organisms consisting of two round sof cell division but only one round of DNA replication. it results in cells with half the number of chromosome sets as the original cell. |
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Definition
| any of the alternative versions of a gene that produce distinguishable phenotypic effects |
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| alternation of generations |
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Definition
| a life cycle in which ther is both a multicellular diploid form, the sporophyte, and a multicellular haploid form, the gametophyte; charcteristic of plants and some algae |
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Definition
| a technique of prenatal diagnosis in which amniotic fluid, obtianed by aspiration from a needle inserted into the uterus, is analyzed to detect certain genetic and congenital defects in the fetus |
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Definition
| the fourth stage of mitosis in which the chromatids of each chromosome have separated and the daughter chromosomes are moving to the poles of the cell |
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Definition
| the requirement that a cell must be attached to the substratum in order to divide |
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| a chromosomal aberration in which one or more chromosomes are present in extra copies or are deficient in number |
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Definition
| the generation of offspring from a single parent that occurs without the fusion of gametes (by budding, division of a single cell, or division of the entire organism into two or more parts). In many, but not all, cases, the offspring are gentically identical to the parent |
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Definition
| a radial array of short microtubules tha textends from each centrosome toward the plasma membrane in a cell undergoing mitosis |
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| a chromosome tha tis not directly involved in determining sex; not a sex chromosome |
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| a dense object lying along the inside of the nuclear envelope in cells of female mammals, representing a high condensed, inactivated X chromosome; number of x's - 1 |
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Definition
| a method of asexual reproduction by "division in half". In prokaryotes, binary fission does not involve mitosis; but in singlecelled eukaryotes that undergo binary fission, mitosis is part of the process |
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Definition
| a method of asexual reproduction by "division in half". In prokaryotes, binary fission does not involve mitosis; but in singlecelled eukaryotes that undergo binary fission, mitosis is part of the process |
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Term
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Definition
| a method of asexual reproduction by "division in half". In prokaryotes, binary fission does not involve mitosis; but in singlecelled eukaryotes that undergo binary fission, mitosis is part of the process |
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Definition
| an individual who is heterozygous at a given gentic locus, with one normal allele and one recessive allele. The hetrozygote is phenotypically normal for the character determined by the gene but can pass on the recessive allele to offspring. |
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| cell cycle control system |
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Definition
| a cyclically operating set of molecules in the eukaryotic cell tha tboth triggers and coordinates key events in the cellcycle |
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Definition
| a double membrane across th emidline of a dividing plant cell, between which the new cell wall forms during cytokinesis |
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Definition
| structure present in the cytoplasm of animal cells, important during cell division; functions as a microtubule-organizing center, A centrosome has two centrioles |
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Definition
| an observable heritable feature |
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Definition
| a control point in the cell cycle where stop and go-ahead signals can regulate the cycle |
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Definition
| the x-shaped, microscopically visible region where homologous nonsister chromatids have exchanged genetic material through crossing over during meiosis, the two homologs remainig associated due to sister chromatid cohesion |
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Term
| chorionic villus sampling |
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Definition
| a technique of prenatal diagnosis in which a small sample of the fetal portion of the placenta is removed and analyzed to detect certain genetic and congenital defects in the fetus |
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| chromosome theory of inheritance |
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Definition
| a basic principle in biology stating tha tgenes are located on chromosomes and that the behavior of chromosomes during meiosis accounts for inheritance patterns |
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Definition
| the process of cytokinesis in animal cells characterized by pinching of the plasma membrane; the succession of rapid cell division without growth during early emryonic development that converts the zygote to a ball of cells |
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Definition
| the first sign of cleavage in an animal cell; a shallow groove in the cell surface near the old metaphase plate |
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Definition
| a lineage of genetically identical individuals or cells; in popular usage, a single individual organism that is genetically identical to another individual; as a verb, to make one or more genetic replicas of an individual or cell |
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Definition
| the situation in which the phenotypes of both alleles are exhibited in the heterozygote because both allels affect the phenotype in separate, distinguishable ways |
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Definition
| the situation in which the phenotypes of the heterozygote and dominant homozygote are indistinguishable |
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Definition
| the reciprocal exchange of genetic material between nonsister chromatids during prophase I of meiosis |
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Definition
| a cellular protein tha toccurs in a cyclically fluctuating concentration and that plays an important role in regulating the cell cycle |
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Term
| cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) |
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Definition
| a protein kinase that is active only when attached to a particular cyclin |
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Definition
| a human genetic disorder caused by a recessive allele for a chloride channel protein; characterized by an excessive secretion of mucus and consequent vulverability to infection; fatal if untreated |
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Definition
| a chart of a chromosome that locates genes with respect to a chromosomal features distinguishable in a microscope |
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Definition
| a deficiency in a chromosome resulting from the loss of a fragment through breakage; a mutational loss of one or more nucleotide pairs from a gene |
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| density-dependent inhibition |
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Definition
| the phenomenon observed in normal animal cells that causes them to stop dividing when they come into contact with one another |
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Definition
| an organism that is heterozygous with respect to the two genes of interest. all the offspring from a cross between parents double homozygous for different allels are dihybrids. for example, parents of genotypes AABB and aabb produce a dihybrid of genotype AaBb |
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Definition
| a cell containing two sets of chromosomes (2n), one set inherited from each parent |
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| an allele that is fully expressed in the phenotype of a heterozygote |
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Definition
| a human genetic disease caused by the presence of an extra chromosome 21; characterized by mental retardation and heart and respiratory defects |
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Term
| Duchenne musuclar dystrophy |
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Definition
| a human genetic disease caused by a sex=linked recessive allele; characterized by a progressive weakening and a loss of muscle tissue |
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Term
| Duchenne musuclar dystrophy |
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Definition
| a human genetic disease caused by a sex=linked recessive allele; characterized by a progressive weakening and a loss of muscle tissue |
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Definition
| an aberration in chromosome structur edue to fusion with a fragment from a homologous chromosome, such that a portion of a chromosome is duplicated |
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Definition
| a type of gene interaction in which one gene alters the phenotypic effects of another gene that is independently inherited |
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Definition
| the first filial, or hybrid, offspring in a series of genetic crosses |
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Definition
| offspring resulting from interbreeding of the hybrid F1 generation |
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Definition
| the union of haploid gametes to produce a diploid zygote |
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Definition
| a nondividing state occupied by cells that have left the cell cycle |
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Definition
| the first gap, or growth phase, of the cell cycle, consisting of the portion o finterphase before DNA synthesis begins |
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Definition
| the second gap, or growth phase, of the cell cycle, consisting of the portion of interphase after DNa synthesis occurs |
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Definition
| a haploid reproductive cell, such as an egg or sperm. gametes unite during sexual reproduction to produce a diploid zygote |
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Definition
| in organisms that have alternation of generations, the multicellular hapoid form that produces haploid gametes by mitosis. the haploid gametes unite and develop into sporophytes |
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Definition
| a discrete unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA |
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Definition
| general term for the production of offspring with combinations of traits that differ from those found in either parent |
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Definition
| the scientific study of heredity and herditary variation |
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Definition
| a phenomenon in which expression of an allele in ofspring depends on whether the allele is inherited from teh male or female parent |
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Definition
| the genetic makeup or set of alleles, of an organism |
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Definition
| an ordered list of genetic loci (genes or other genetic markers) along a chromosome |
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Definition
| a protein that must be present in the extracellular environment for the growth and normal devlopment of vertain types of cells; a local regulator that acts on nearby cells to stimulate cell proliferation and differentiation |
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Definition
| a cell containing only one set of chromosomes (n) |
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Definition
| a human genetic disease caused by a sex-linked recessive allele resultin gin the absence of one or more blood=clotting proteins; charcterized by excessive bleeding following injury |
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Definition
| the transmission of traits from one generation to the next |
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Definition
| having two different alleles for a given gene |
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Definition
| a pair of chromosomes of the same length, centromere position, and staining pattern that possess genes for the same characters at corresponding loci. One homologous chromosome is inherited from the organism's father, the other from the mother. Alo called homologs, or a homologous pair |
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Definition
| having two identical alleles for a given gene |
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Definition
| a human genetic disease caused by a dominant allele; characterized by uncontrollable body movements and degeneration of the nervous system; usually fatal 10 to 20 years after the onset of symptoms |
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Definition
| in genetics, the mating, or crossing, of two true-breeding varieties |
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Definition
| the situation in which the phenotype of heterozygotes is intermediate between the phenotypes of individuals homozygous for either allele |
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Definition
| the period in the cell cycle when the cell is not dividing. During interphase, cellular metabolic activity is high, chromosomes an dorganelles are duplicated, and cell size may increase. Interphase accounts for 90% of the cell cycle |
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Definition
| an aberration in chromosome structure resulting from reattachment of a chromosomal fragment in a reverse orientation to the chromosome from which it originated |
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Definition
| a display of the chromosome pairs of a cell arranged by size and shape |
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Definition
| a structure of proteins attached to the centromere that links each sister chromatid to the mitotic spindle |
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Term
| law of independent assortment |
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Definition
| mendel's second law, stating that each pair of alleles segregates, or assorts, independently of each other pair durin ggamete formation; applies when genes for two characters are located on different pairs of homologous chromosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| mendel's first law, stating that the two alleles in a pair segregate (separate) into different gametes during gamete formation |
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Definition
| a genetic map based on the frequencies of recombination between markers during crossing over of homologous chromosomes |
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Definition
| genes located close enough together on a chromomsome that they tend to be inherited together |
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Definition
| a specific place along the length of a chromosome where a given gene is located |
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Definition
| a unit of measurement of the distance between two genes. 1 map unit = 1% recombinant frequency |
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Definition
| the first division of a two=stage process of cell division in sexually reproducing organisms that results in cells with half the number of chromosome sets as the original cell |
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Definition
| the second division of a two-stage process of cell division in sexually reproducing organisms that results in cells with half the number of chromosome sets as the original cell |
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Definition
| the third stage of mitosis, in which the spindle is complete and the chromosomes, attached to microtubules at their kinetochores, are all aligned at the metaphase plate |
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Definition
| an imaginary plane midway between the two poles of a cell in metaphase on which the centromeres of all the duplicated chromosomes are located |
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Definition
| the spread of cancer cells to locations distant from their original site |
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Definition
| the phase of the cell cycle that includes mitosis and cytokinesis |
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Definition
| an assemblage of microtubules and associated proteins that is involved in the movements of chromosomes during mitosis |
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Term
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Definition
| an organism that is heterozygous with respect to a single gene of interest. All the offspring from a cross between parents homozygous for different alleles are monohybrids. For example, parents of genotypes AA and aa produce a monohybrid of genotype Aa |
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Definition
| referring to a cell that has only one copy of a particular chromosome instead of the normal two |
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Definition
| maturation-promoting factor; a protein complex required for a cell to progress from late interphase to mitosis. The active form consists of cyclin and a protein kinase |
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Definition
| referring to a phenotypic character that is influenced by multiple genes and environmental factors |
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Definition
| an error in meiosis or mitosis in which members of a pair of homologous chromosomes or a pair of sister chromatids fail to separate properly from each other |
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Definition
| the range of phenotypes produced by a single genotype, due to environmental influences |
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Definition
| site where the replication of a DNa molecule begins, consisting of a specific sequence of nucleotides |
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Definition
| the parent individuals from which offspring are derived in studies of inheritance |
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Definition
| an offspring with a phenotype that matches one of the parental phenotypes |
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Definition
| a diagram of a family tree showing the occurrence of heritbale characters in parents and offspring over multiple generations |
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Definition
| the physical and physiological traits of an organism, which are determined by its genetic makeup |
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Definition
| the ability of a single gene to have multiple effects |
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Definition
| an additive effect of two or more genes on a single phenotypic character |
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Definition
| a chromosomal alteration in which the organism possesses more than two complete chromosome sets. It is the result of an accident of cell division |
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Definition
| the second stage of mitosis, in which discrete chromosomes mconsisting of identical sister chromatids appear, the nuclear envelope fragments, and the spindle microtubules attach to the kinetochores of the chromosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| the first stage of mitosis, in which the chromatin condenses, the mitotic spindle begins to form, and the nucleolus disappears, but the nucleus remains intact |
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Definition
| a diagram used in the study of inheritance to show the rpedicted results of random fertilization in genetic crosses |
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Definition
| a heritable feature that varies continuously over a range rather than in an either-or fashion |
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Definition
| an allele whose phenotypic effect is not observed in a heterozygote |
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Definition
| a chromosome created when crossing over combines the DNA from two parents into a single chromosome |
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| recombinant types (recombinants) |
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Definition
| an offspring whose phenotype differs from that of the parents |
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Term
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Definition
| the sysnthesis phase of the cell cycle; the portion of interphase during which DNA is replicated |
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Definition
| a chromosome responsible for determining the sex of an individual |
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Definition
| a gene located on a sex chromosome, resulting in a distinctive pattern of inheritance |
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Definition
| a type of reproduction in which two parents give rise to offspring that have unique combinations of genes inherited from the gametes of the two parents |
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Definition
| a human genetic disease caused by a recessive allele that results in the substitution of a single amino acid in a globin polypeptide tha ti spart of the hemoglobin protein; characterized by deformed red blood cells the can lead to numerous symptoms |
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Definition
| in the life cycle of a plant or alga undergoing alternation of generations, a haploid cell produced in the sporophyte by meiosis. A spore can divide by mitosis to develop into a multicellular haploid individual, the gametophyte, without fusing with another cell |
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Definition
| in organisms that have alternation of generations, the multicellular diploid form that results from teh union of gamets. The sporophyte produces haploid spores by meiosis that develop into gametophytes |
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Definition
| the pairing and physical connection of replicated homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meisosis |
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Definition
| a human genetic disease caused by a recessive allele for a dysfunctional enzyme, leading ot accumulation of certain lipids in the brain. Seizures, blindness, and degeneration of motor an dmental performance usually become manifest a few months after birth, folllowed by death within a few years |
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Definition
| the fifth and final stage of mitosis in which daughter nuclei are forming and cytokinesis has typically begun |
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Definition
| breeding an organism of unkown genotype with a homozygous recessive individual to determine the unknown genotype. The ratio of phenotypes in the offspring reveals the unknown genotype. |
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Definition
| any detectable variant in a genetic character |
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Definition
| the conversion of a normal animal cell to a cancerous cell; a change in genotype and phenotype due to the assimilation of external DNa by a cell |
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Definition
| an aberration in chromosome structure resulting from attachment of a chromosomal fragment to a nonhomologous chromosome |
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Definition
| referring to a diploid cell that has three copies of a particular chromosome instead of the normal two |
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Definition
| referring to plants that produce offspring of the same variety when they self-pollinate |
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Definition
| differences between members of the same species |
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Definition
| the diploid product of the union of haploid gametes during fertilization; a fertilized egg |
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