Term
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Definition
-science of classifying organisms
-provides universal names for organisms
-provides a reference for identifying organisms |
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Term
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Definition
-study of the evolutionary history of organisms
-All Species Inventory (2001-2021) to identify all species of life on Earth |
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Term
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Definition
-Bacteria, Archea, Eukarya
-based on similarities in rRNA |
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Term
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Definition
-prokaryote
-no peptidoglycan
-membrane lipids composed of branched carbon chains attached to a glycerol by ether linkage
-Methionine
-no antibiotic sensitivity
-lack rRNA loop
-lack common tRNA arm |
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Term
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Definition
-prokaryote
-peptidoglycan
-membrane lipids composed of straight carbon chains attached to glycerol by ester linkage
-Formylmethionine
-antibiotic sensitive
-rRNA loop
-common arm of tRNA |
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Term
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Definition
-cell wall varies and contains carbs
-membrane lipids composed of straight carbon chains attached to glycerol by ester linkage
-Met
-no antibiotic sensitivity
-lack rRNA loop
-common arm of tRNA |
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Term
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Definition
| -theory that mitochondria and chloroplasts were once seperate prokaryotic organisms and a primitive eukaryotic cell engulfed them and eventually took up permanant residence |
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Term
| identification of prokaryotes |
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Definition
-morphology
-differential staining (capsule, spore, Gram)
-serology
-phage typing
-DNA fingerprinting
-PCR
-nucleic acid hybridization
-biochemical tests (oxidase test, lactose fermentation) |
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Term
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Definition
-determines whether the bacterium contains cytochrome c oxidase and can use oxygen for energy production with an ETC
-all enterobacteriaceae are negative |
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Term
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Definition
| Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology |
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Term
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Definition
-antibody response to bacteria
-slide agglutination test
-enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)
-western blotting |
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Term
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Definition
| proteins separated by electrophoresis can be detected by their reactions with antibodies |
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Term
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Definition
| susceptibility of bacteria to specific bacteriophages |
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Term
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Definition
-DNA from different organisms treated with the same restriction endonuclease
-fragments are separated by electrophoresis
-the number and size of restriction fragments generated provide information about their genetic differences differences and similarities |
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Term
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Definition
-allows identification of microorganisms that cannot be cultured by conventional methods
-use oligonucleotide primer specific for microorganism tested
-increase amount of microbial DNA to a level that allows analysis by gel electrophoresis |
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Term
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Definition
-amplification of 25-40 million year old Bacillus
-identification of Hantavirus as causative agent of Hemorrhagic fever
-identification of rabies in bats |
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Term
| nucleic acid hybridization and types |
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Definition
-use of labeled DNA fragments specific to a microorganism
-southern blotting
-DNA chips
-Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization |
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Term
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Definition
| -using fluorescent DNA probes to indicate presence of a microorganism |
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Term
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Definition
-thousands of single stranded DNA
-potential use in detecting microorganisms in human or environmental sample
-ID of cancer genes |
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Term
| Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization (FISH) |
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Definition
-DNA or RNA probes specific to a gene of a specific microorganism are labeled with a dye
-probe enters the cell and reacts with the gene inside the ribosome
-used to determine the identity and abundance of microorganisms in an environment
-used to detect bacteria in drinking water or in patient |
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Term
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Definition
-Proteobacteria
-Nonproteobacteria Gram-negative bacteria
-Gram + bacteria
-Planctomycetes
-Chlamydiae
-Spirochaetes
-Bacteroidetes
-Fusobacteria |
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Term
| The Phylum Proteobacteria |
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Definition
-from greek god Proteus who could change shape
-includes most of the Gram -, chemoheterotrophic bacteria
-largest group
-wide variety of pathogens (Escherichia, Salmonella)
-most are facultative or obligative anaerobes
-5 classes |
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Term
| 5 classes of Proteobacteria |
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Definition
| alpha, beta, gamma, delta, epsilon |
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Term
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Definition
-capable of growing on very low level of nutrients
-include agriculturally important bacteria, plant and human pathogens |
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Term
| types of Alphaproteobacteria |
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Definition
-Azospirillum
-Rhizobium/Bradyrhizobium
-Agrobacterium
-Rickettsia
-Nitrobacter
-Purple Sulfur Bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
-soil bacterium living in symbiosis with roots of plants
-uses nutrients excreted by plants and fixes atmospheric nitrogen |
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Term
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Definition
| -live in symbiosis with roots of leguminous plants (beans, peas, clover)-nodules |
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Term
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Definition
-infects plants but does not establish a symbiotic relationship
-A. tumefaciens causes crown gall (roots and stem merge) |
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Term
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Definition
-appear as pleomorphic bacillaery or coccobacillus
-most are obligate intracellular parasites unable to make own ATP so get it from host
-enter host by phagocytosis
-R. rickettsii cause Rocky Mt. spotted fever (wood and dog tick transmission)
-R. typhi cause typhus |
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Term
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Definition
| with Nitrosomonas, part of nitrogen cycle that provides nitrate to plants |
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Term
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Definition
-anaerobic photosynthetic
-found in deep sediments in lakes and ponds
-use bacteriochlorophyll
-oxidize reduced sulfur compounds (H2S) to granules of Sulfur
-Chromatium is a representative genus |
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Term
| Betaproteobacteria and types |
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Definition
-often use nutrients produced by anaerobic decomposition of organic matter such as hydrogen, ammonia, and methane
-Thiobacillus
-Spirillum
-Bordetella
-Neisseria |
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Term
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Definition
-part of sulfur cycle
-obtain energy by oxidizing H2S or S into Sulfates |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-aerobic bacteria
-B. pertussis causes whooping cough |
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Term
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Definition
-aerobic
-lives on and in mucous membranes of mammals
-N. gonorrhoeae
-N. meningitidis causes meningococcal meningitis |
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Term
| Gammaproteobacteria and types |
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Definition
-largest and most diverse protobacteria
-contains several human pathogens
-Pseudomonas
-Legionella
-Vibrio
-Escherichia
-Salmonella
-Proteus
-Yersinia
-Pasteurella
-Haemophilus
-Purple nonsulfur |
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Term
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Definition
-aerobic
-very common in soil and other natural environment
-P. aeruginosa can infect urinary tract, burns, and wounds
- can cause blood infection (sepsis), abscesses, and meningitis
-P. syringae is a plant pathogen |
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Term
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Definition
-can grow on soap residues or cap liner adhesives in solution
-can grow on antiseptics (like Quaternary Ammonium)
-resistant to most antibiotics (porins block entry and efflux pumps)
-responsible for 10% nosocomial infections
-can grow at refrigerator temps |
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Term
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Definition
-live in streams, warm water supplies in hospitals
-present in cooling towers of air conditioning systems
-live within amoebae
-L. pneumophila causes Legionaire's disease and Pontiac fever |
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Term
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Definition
-slightly curved rod in salt water
-v. cholerae causes cholera
-transmitted to humans by raw/undercooked shellfish
- |
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Term
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Definition
-all facultative anaerobes
-enterics- live in intestinal tracts of humans/animals (presence of fimbriae)
-Escherichia
-Salmonella
-Proteus
-Yersinia |
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Term
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Definition
-most thoroughly studied of all creatures
-lives in human colon
-number one cause of urinary tract infection
-pathogenic E. coli can cause diarrhea by powerful endotoxins |
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Term
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Definition
-lives in intestine
-cause human gastrointestinal upsets
-foodborne illness (poultry, eggs)
-S. enterica - all infectious to warm blooded animals
-2400+ serotypes (classfication based on surface antigens)
-S. enterica tymphimurium causes typhoid fever |
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Term
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Definition
-cycle of reduced motility to swarmer cells with many flagella
-P. mirabilis and P. vulgaris cause urinary tract infection and wounds |
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Term
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Definition
-Y. pestis cause bubonic plague
-usually transmitted to humans by bite of infected flea |
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Term
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Definition
-all non motile
-human/animal pathogens |
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Term
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Definition
-pathogens of domestic animals (sepsis in cattle, fowl cholera, pneumonia)
-P. multocida can be transmitted to humans by dog/cat bites
-in salva of Komodo dragons |
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Term
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Definition
-lives in mucous membranes of upper respiratory tract, mouth, vagina, intestinal tract
-requires heme from blood to synthesize parts of the cytochrome system
-H. influenzae causes bacterial meningitis, ear infections, pneumonia |
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Term
| purple nonsulter bacteria |
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Definition
-anaerobic photosynthetic found in deep sediments of lakes and ponds
-can also use organic compounds
-use bacteriochlorophyll
-Rhodospirillum is representative genus |
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Term
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Definition
-mostly aerobic
-Bdellovibrio
-Desulfovibrio
-Myxococcus |
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Term
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Definition
-attacks other G- bacteria by attaching itself and reproducing in periplasm (b/w plasma membrane and outer membrane)
- |
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Term
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Definition
-present in anaerobic sediments and in intestinal tracts of humans and animals
-sulfur and sulfate reducing |
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Term
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Definition
-move by gliding
-produce a number of antibiotics and other biochemically important chemicals
-can aggregate into fruiting bodies when food is scarce |
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Term
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Definition
-Campylobacter
-Helicobacter |
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Term
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Definition
-micro-aerophilic
-C. jejuni leading cause of foodborne intestinal disease-produce a toxin that prevents cells from dividing and activating immune system |
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Term
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Definition
-micro-aerophilic
-only known bacterium that can live in harsh pH of stomach
-survives by taking up urea and turning into ammonia to neutralize acid
-H. pylori common cause of peptic ulcers and stomach cancer |
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