Term
| Absolute Stimulus Control |
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Definition
| When operants are regulated by the physical properties of one stimulus (e.g., color or hue). |
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Term
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Definition
| The schedule of reinforcement following the target component (B) in a sequence of schedules (A -> B -> C) generates strong contrast that increases as training progresses. The strong contrast effect is called anticipatory contrast to distinguish it from the weak elicited responding by the preceding schedule. |
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Term
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Definition
Contrast refers to an inverse relationship between the response rates for two components of a multiple schedule - as one goes up, the other goes down.
There are two forms of contrast: positive and negative. |
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Term
| Conditional Discrimination |
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Definition
A differential response to stimuli that depends on the stimulus context (a four-term contingency of reinforcement).
An example of this is conditional matching to sample. |
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Term
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Definition
| Any stimulus or event that changes the probability of operant behavior. |
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Term
| Delayed Matching to sample |
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Definition
| On a matching-to-sample task, the comparison stimuli are presented some time after the sample stimulus is turned off. |
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Term
| Differential Reinforcement |
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Definition
In discrimination procedures, it involves reinforcement in the presence of one stimulus (Sd) but not in other settings (Sdelta). The result is that the organism comes to respond when the Sd is present and to show a low probability of responding in settings that have not resulted in reinforcement (Sdelta).
An organism that shows this differential response is said to discriminate the occasion for reinforcement. |
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Term
| Differential Reinforcement of other behavior (DRO) |
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Definition
| Reinforcement for any behavior other than a target operant. The target behavior is on extinction and any other behavior is reinforced. |
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Term
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Definition
| When an organism makes a response in one situation but not in another, we say that the animal discriminates between the situations or makes a ______. |
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Term
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Definition
| When an organism makes a differential response to two or more stimuli (or events), we can say that the animal discriminates between them. This process is called _____. |
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Term
| Discrimination index (Id) |
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Definition
This index com pares the rate of response in the sD component with the sum of the rates in both sD and sDelta phases.
The measure is a proportion that varies between 0.00 and 1.00. |
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Term
| Discriminative Stimulus (sD) |
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Definition
| An event or stimulus that precedes an operant and sets the occasion for operant behavior (antecedent stimulus). |
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Term
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Definition
| The trainer does not allow the organism to make mistakes by responding to the extinction stimulus (sDelta). Initially sD and sDelta are very different, but differences between the stimuli are gradually reduced as training progresses. The procedure eliminates the emotional behavior generated by extinction with other discrimination-training methods. |
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Term
| Extinction Stimulus (Sdelta) |
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Definition
An sDelta is a stimulus that sets the occasion for a decrease in operant responses.
Example "Out of Order" sign on a vending machine. |
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Term
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Definition
| The transfer of stimulus control from one value of a stimulus to another. This is done by gradually changing a controlling stimulus from an initial value to some designated criterion. |
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Term
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Definition
| Occurs when an organism responds to values of the sD (or fewer responses to the sDelta) that were not trained during acquisition. |
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Term
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Definition
| The function (graph) that relates values of the sD (intensity of light) to a measure of response strength (operant rate) |
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Term
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Definition
| A procedure that is used to investigate recognition of stimuli. |
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Term
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Definition
| Two or more basic schedules (CRF, FR, FI, VI, VR) presented sequentially, each link ending with primary reinforcement (or in some cases extinction); the component schedules are signaled by discriminative stimuli. |
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Term
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Definition
| A shift that occurs in the peak of a generalization gradient away from an extinction stimulus (sDelta). |
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Term
| Relative Stimulus Control |
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Definition
The responding of an organism to differences between two or more stimuli.
For example, a pigeon may be trained to peck in the presence of the larger of two triangles rather than to the absolute size of a triangle. |
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Term
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Definition
The verb "remembering" (or "forgetting") is used to refer to the effect of some event on behavior after the passage of time (as opposed to the noun "memory," which seems to refer to a mental representation stored in the brain).
According to White (2002), remembering is not so much a matter of looking back into the past or forward into the future as it is of making choices at the time of remembering. |
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Term
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Definition
| A sequence of discriminative stimuli and responses in which each response produced a change in the stimulus controlling behavior. Once established, each sD in the chain has two functions - as a conditioned reinforcer for the response that produced it, and as a discriminative stimulus for the next response in the sequence. |
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Term
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Definition
| The time between the offset of the sample stimulus and the onset of the comparison stimuli. |
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Term
| Simultaneous Discrimination |
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Definition
| The sD and sDelta are presented at the same time, and the organism is reinforced for responding to the relative properties of one or the other. |
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Term
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Definition
| A change in operant behavior that occurs when either an sD or sDelta is presented. When an sD is presented, the probability of response increase, and when an sDelta is given, operant behavior has a low probability of occurrence. |
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Term
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Definition
| Occurs when an operant reinforced in the presence of a specific discriminative stimulus is also emitted in the presence of other stimuli. The operant is emitted to new stimuli that presumably share common properties with the discriminative stimulus. |
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Term
| Successive Discrimination |
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Definition
| A procedure that is used to train differential responding. The researcher arranges the presentation of sD and sDelta so that one follows the other. |
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Term
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Definition
| Behavior that is accidentally reinforced. |
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Term
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Definition
| Occurs when the rate of response in an unchanged component of a multiple schedule increase with a decline in behavior in the other schedule. |
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Term
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Definition
| Occurs when the rate of response in an unchanged component of a multiple schedule decreases with an increase in behavior in the other component. |
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Term
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Definition
| Three kinds of controlling stimuli. |
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Term
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Definition
| Increases the probability of behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| Makes responding less likely |
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Term
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Definition
| May increase or decrease the likelihood of operant behavior, depending on the operating contingency. |
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Term
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Definition
| When the rates of response are the same int he sD and sDelta components, the value of Id is _____, indicating no discrimination. |
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Term
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Definition
| When all responses occur during the sD phase, the sDelta rate is zero and Id is _____. |
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Term
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Definition
| A discrimination index (Id) of 1 indicates a perfect discrimination and _____ of behavior. Intermediate values of the index signify more or less control by the discriminative stimulus. |
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Term
| Id = (sD rate) / (sD rate + sDelta rate) |
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Definition
| Discrimination Index formula |
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Term
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Definition
| A multiple schedule is the same as a chain schedule, but each link produces _____. |
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