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- Are the basic unit of life
- Process information stored in DNA as well as information received from the environment |
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- Body of interconnected concepts
- Supported by much experimental evidence and scientific reasoning
-Expresses the ideas we are most certain about |
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- Cations - have more protons that electrons and are positively charged
- Anions - have more electrons that protons and are negatively charged
- Neutral atoms have the same amount of protons and electrons |
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| - Critical characteristics of early organisms are preserved and passed on to future generations |
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- The proper function of a molecule is dependent on its structure
- The structure of a molecule can often tell us about its function |
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- There are 90 naturally occurring elements
- Only 12 elements are found in living organisms in substantial amounts
- Four elements make up 96.3% of human body weight: oxygen, hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen |
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-Evolution: modification of a species over generations
-Natural selection: mechanism of evolution
-individuals with superior physical or behavioural characteristics are more likely to survive and reproduce than those without |
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1. Water has a high specific heat
2. Water has a high heat of vaporisation
3. Solid water is less dense than liquid water
4. Water is a good solvent
5. Water organises nonpolar molecules
6. Water can form ions |
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| All living organisms are made of cells, and all living cells come from preexisting cells |
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An atom's affinity for electrons
-difference in electronegativity dictates how electrons are distributed in covalent bonds |
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| A Naturalistic Philosophy |
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Asking questions about the natural world
Assumption 1: Processes that we observe today have been the same in the past
Assumption 2: natural laws work everywhere in the same ways |
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| Atoms -- Molecules -- Organelles -- Cells |
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| Breaks a complex process down to its simpler parts |
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| Properties of Living Organisms |
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Definition
Composed of cells
Complex and ordered
Respond to the environment
Can grow and reproduce
Obtain and use energy
Maintain internal balance
Allow for evolutionary adaptation |
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Composed of:
protons - positively charged particles
neutrons - neutral particles
electrons - negatively charged particles |
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| Molecular Basis of Inheritance |
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| DNA encodes genes which control living organisms and are passed on from one generation to the next |
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| Equal sharing of electrons |
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| Formed by the attraction of oppositely charged ions |
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Formed by the sharing of two or more valence electrons
- bond strength depends on the number of electron pairs being shared |
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| Groups of atoms held together in a stable association |
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Individual variation
Struggle for existence
Differential reproduction success |
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Involve the formation or breaking of chemical bonds
- influenced by:
- temperature
- concentration of reactants and products
- availability of a catalyst
Chemical reactions are written with the reactants first, followed by the products |
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Ionic Bonds
Covalent Bonds
Hydrogen Bonds |
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| Molecules containing more than one type of element |
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Observation
Hypothesis
Predictions
Results
Expected ----- Predictions
Unexpected ---Hypothesis |
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Properties that are present in a level that were not present in the previous level
Each level builds on the level before it but often demonstrates new features |
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| Simulate phenomena that are difficult to study directly |
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| Species -- Population -- Community -- Ecosystem |
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Tests the hypothesis
- must only test one variable at a time
- consists of a test experiment and a control experiment |
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| The electrons on the outermost level of an atom |
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The number of protons
-atoms with the same atomic number belong to the same element |
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The sum of protons and neutrons in an atom
-each proton and neutron has a mass of about 1 dalton |
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| Tissue -- Organs -- Organ Systems -- Organisms |
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| To combine the unity of life |
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| Unequal sharing of electrons |
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Using the general to describe the specific
- All crows are black, so this crow must be black |
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Using the specific to describe the general
- This crow is black, so all crows must be black |
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| Water molecules stick to other polar molecules by hydrogen bonding |
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| Water molecules stick to other water molecules by hydrogen bonding |
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Weak attractions between the partially negative oxygen of one water and the partially positive hydrogen of a different water molecule
- can form between water molecules or water and another charged molecule |
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a possible explanation for an observation
- a hypothesis must be tested
- is tested in many different ways
- allows for predictions |
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| Both plant and fungus receive nutrients from each other |
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Specialized pores that prevent water loss
-found on the underside of leaves
- distinguished by guard cells |
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Definition
Single celled outgrowths of the main root. They are in intimate contact with the thin layer of water molecules.
- must break the water's surface tension to obtain water |
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Definition
Waxy coating that prevents water loss in leaves
- some are shiny, some dull
- Some plants have thick cuticles that can be seen without a telescope |
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Definition
Waxy coating that prevents water loss in leaves
- some are shiny, some dull
- Some plants have thick cuticles that can be seen without a telescope |
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Definition
| Keeps the plant cells full of water and fully functional |
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| Drought Adaptations of Pines |
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Definition
- Highly drought-tolerant leaves
- Waxy skin to help conserve water
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