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Cellular Respiration
Flash Cards For Mrs. Messer's 9th Grade Biology Test On Cellular Respiration
33
Biology
9th Grade
01/22/2009

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Cards

Term
Cellular respiration is the process of oxidizing food molecules, like ____________, to carbon dioxide and water.
Definition
Glucose
Term
The energy released is trapped in the form of _______ for use by all the energy-consuming activities of the cell.
Definition
ATP
Term
What is glycolysis?
Definition
The breakdown of glucose to pyruvic acid
Term
What happens after glycolysis?
Definition
The complete oxidation of pyruvic acid to carbon dioxide and water
Term
Where does glycolysis occur?
Definition
In the cytosol
Term
Where do the rest of the processes occur?
Definition
The Mitochondria
Term
What are mitochondria?
Definition
Mitochondria are membrane-enclosed organelles distributed through the cytosol of most eukaryotic cells. Their number within the cell ranges from a few hundred to, in very active cells, thousands.
Term
The main purpose of mitochondria is to...
Definition
Convert potential energy of food molecules into ATP.
Term
Yes or No?

Does mitochondria have an outer membrane that encloses the entire structure?
Definition
Yes, it does. The outer membrane contains many complexes of integral membrane proteins that form channels through which a variety of molecules and ions move in and out of the mitochondrion.
Term

Yes or No?

 

Does mitochondria have an inner membrane? What does it do?

Definition
Yes, it encloses a fluid-filled matrix.
Term
What proteins are in the inner membrane of the mitochondria?
Definition
  • NADH dehydrogenase (Complex I)
  • succinate dehydrogenase (Complex II)
  •  cytochrome c reductase (Complex III; also known as the cytochrome b-c1 complex)
  • cytochrome c oxidase (Complex IV)
  • ATP synthase (Complex V)
Term

What is in between the inner, and the outer membranes of the mitochondria?

Definition
It's called the intermembrane space.
Term
What is cristae?
Definition

the inner membrane is elaborately folded with shelflike cristae projecting into the matrix.

Term

True or False?

 

Mitochondria has a small number (some 5–10) of  circular molecules of DNA?

Definition
TRUE!
Term

True OR False? 

 

The number of mitochondria in a cell can change.

Definition

TRUE! they can increase by their fission (following mitosis) and decrease by fusing together.

 

[defects in either process can lead to very serious, even deadly, illness.]

Term

What is in the Matrix?

 

(in the Inner Membrane of mitochondria)

Definition

The matrix contains a complex mixture of soluble enzymes that catalyze the respiration of pyruvic acid and other small organic molecules.

Term
In the Matrix, in the inner membrane of the mitochondria, what is pyruvic acid?
Definition

Here pyruvic acid is

  • oxidized by NAD+ producing NADH + H+
  • decarboxylated producing a molecule of
    • carbon dioxide (CO2) and
    • a 2-carbon fragment of acetate bound to coenzyme A forming acetyl-CoA
Term
What types of proteins, and molecules does the Electron Transport Chain contain?
Definition

3 complexes of integral membrane proteins, the NADH dehydrogenase complex (I) the cytochrome c reductase complex (III) the cytochrome c oxidase complex (IV) and two freely-diffusible molecules ubiquinone, and cytochrome c

that shuttle electrons from one complex to the next.

Term

What happens in the Citric Acid Cycle?

Definition

A 2-carbon fragment of acetate bound to coenzyme A, forms acetyl-CoA is donated to a molecule of oxaloacetic acid. The resulting is a molecule of citric acid.

The final step regenerates a molecule of oxaloacetic acid and the cycle is ready to turn again.

Term

This is the summary of...

Each of the 3 carbon atoms present in the pyruvate that entered the mitochondrion leaves as a molecule of carbon dioxide (CO2).

At 4 steps, a pair of electrons (2e-) is removed and transferred to NAD+ reducing it to NADH + H+.

At one step, a pair of electrons is removed from succinic acid and reduces FAD to FADH2.

Definition
The citric acid cycle.
Term
After the citric acid cycle, where are the

 electrons of NADH and FADH2  transferred?

Definition

The electrons of NADH and FADH2 are transferred to the electron transport chain.

Term
 

the stepwise transfer of electrons from NADH (and FADH2) to oxygen molecules to form (with the aid of protons) water molecules (H2O) happens in ________________.

Definition
The Electron Transport Chain.
Term
REMEMBER!

(Cytochrome c can only transfer one electron at a time, so cytochrome c oxidase must wait until it has accumulated 4 of them before it can react with oxygen.)

Definition
Term
The Electron Transport System harnesses the energy released by this transfer to the pumping of protons (H+) from the _________ to the ______________.
Definition
Matrix, Intermembrane Space.
Term

True or False?

 

Approximately 20 protons are pumped into the intermembrane space as the 4 electrons needed to reduce oxygen to water pass through the respiratory chain.

Definition
True
Term

The gradient of protons formed across the inner membrane by this process of __________ transport forms a miniature battery.

 

 

active? or passive?

Definition

Active

 

The protons can flow back down this gradient, reentering the matrix, only through another complex of integral proteins in the inner membrane, the ATP synthase

Term

The energy released as electrons pass down the gradient from NADH to oxygen is harnessed by three enzyme complexes of the respiratory chain (I, III, and IV) to pump protons (H+) against their concentration gradient from the matrix of the mitochondrion into the intermembrane space.

TRUE OR FALSE.

Definition
True, This is also an example of active transport.
Term

As the proton's concentration increases there (which is the same as saying that the pH decreases), a strong diffusion gradient is set up. The only exit for these protons is through the ATP synthase complex. As in chloroplasts, the energy released as these protons flow down their gradient is harnessed to the synthesis of ATP. The process is called ___________ and is an example of facilitated diffusion.

Definition
Term
 

Most of the ATP is generated by the proton gradient that develops across the ____________.

Definition
Inner mitochondrial membrane
Term

How many protons are produced from NADH to oxygen through the respiratory chain?

 

How about with FADH2?

Definition

3 (NADH) , and then 2 (FADH2). 

The number of protons pumped out as electrons drop from NADH through the respiratory chain to oxygen is theoretically large enough to generate, as they return through ATP synthase, 3 ATPs per electron pair (but only 2 ATPs for each pair donated by FADH2).

Term
Heres an example of an ATP equation.
Definition
 With 12 pairs of electrons removed from each glucose molecule,
  • 10 by NAD+ (so 10x3=30); and

  • 2 by FADH2 (so 2x2=4),

this could generate 34 ATPs. Add to this the 4 ATPs that are generated by the 3 exceptions and one arrives at 38.

Term
 

But The energy stored in the proton gradient is also used for the active transport of several molecules and ions through the ____________ into the ______.

Definition
inner mitochondrial membrane, matrix.
Term

TRUE or FALSE?

 

NADH is also used as increasing agent for many cellular reactions.

Definition
False, NADH is also used as reducing agent for many cellular reactions.
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