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| discovered that nerves act as wires |
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| developed a stain using alcohol and a basic dye to reveal cell bodies, stains negatively charged RNA, stains RER because of ribosomes-blue dye |
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| developed a stain that stains the whole cell with silver and then black deposits, only stains a few cells |
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| used Golgi's stain to develop the neuron structure |
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| everything in the nervous system is made up of a single interlinking network-Golgi did this and was refuted later |
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| nervous system made up of discrete individual cells-Cajal did this |
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| stains cell body and dendrites |
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| conducts electrical pulse away from cell body, microtubules + end is toward axon terminus, transmits information |
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| has spikes, microtubules are arranged randomly, conducts electrochemical stimulation received by another cell |
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| directed toward axon terminus |
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| directed toward dendrites |
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via membrane bound organelles
mitochondria, receptors, synaptic vesicle proteins, neurotransmitters |
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at the rate of neurite outgrowth
soluble proteins, cytoskeletal protein |
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| type of glial cell, send processes that surround neurons and synapses, surround endothelial cells in blood brain barrier, star shaped, provides nutrients, maintains extracellular pH, repair and scarring process |
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| type of glial cell, provides support and insulates axon with myelin, can myelinate multiple different axons, CNS |
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| type of glial cell in the PNS, can myelinate only a single axon because it only has one arm |
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| type of glial cell, helps in the production of CSF |
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| type of glial cell, macrophages that act as the first and main for of immune defense, scavengers |
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| stains dsDNA, sees nucleus of every cell and is useful for seeing layering cells |
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| Antibody detection of specific proteins |
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| fixed tissues, direct, indirect (uses second antibody), labels certain protein and can flurochrome to mark it, can use several antibodies and markers to view several proteins together |
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| detect mRNA of interest, make a complement of the mRNA, use labeled probe and can see labeled mRNA and expression levels |
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| intracellular injection of a detectable marker to visualize structure, can look and neurons and see their 3D shape, can use transgenic mice |
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| inject tracer (virus, protein or dye) into specific area, transport of the tracer occurs over days to weeks, can label anterogradely and retrogradely |
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| sees the effects of a specific tissue and its function |
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| Over and under expression studies |
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| increase or decrease expression of protein to determine its function, transgenic expression, knockouts |
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| monitors and manipulates the activity of individual living neurons, records potential or current |
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| difference in charge between two points, difference from interior of cell relative to exterior of cell, measured in volts , only occurs if there is a barrier |
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| stores charge, capacitance is C measured in farads, cell membrane is capacitor, myelin decreases capacitance |
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| G, the ease at which ions can move, inversely related to resistance |
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| measure of how much free current flow is prevented by the conducting object, measured in ohms |
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