Term
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Definition
| Outer boundary of the cell that separates it from the world |
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Term
| Compartmentalization (membrane function) |
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Definition
| Membranes form continuous sheets that enclose intracellular compartments |
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Term
| Scaffold/Biochemical activities (membrane function) |
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Definition
| membranes provide framework that organizes enzymes for effective interaction |
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Term
| Selectively Permeable Barrier (membrane function) |
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Definition
| membranes allow regulate exchange of substances between compartments |
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Term
| Transporting Solutes (membrane function) |
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Definition
| membrane proteins facilitate the movement of substances between compartments |
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Term
| Responding to External Signals (membrane function) |
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Definition
| membrane receptors transduce signals from outside the cell in response to specific ligands |
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Term
| Intracellular Interaction (membrane function) |
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Definition
| membranes mediate recognition and interaction between adjacent cells |
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Term
| Energy Transduction (membrane function) |
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Definition
| membranes transduce photosynthetic energy, convert chemical energy to ATP, and store energy |
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Term
| Importance of Lipid Bilayer |
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Definition
-composition can influence activity
-cohesion makes cells deformable and facilitates splitting and fusion of membranes |
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Term
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Definition
-non covalent bonds
-membranes contain carbs as well
-protein:lipid ratios vary |
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Term
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Definition
| containing both polar and non polar portions |
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Term
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Definition
| diglycerides with small functional groups linked to glycerol by phosphate ester bonds |
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Term
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Definition
| ceramides formed by the attachment of sphingosine to fatty acids |
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Term
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Definition
| smaller and less amphipathic lipid only found in animals |
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Term
| Integral Membrane Proteins |
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Definition
-penetrate and pass through bilayer
-20-30% encoded proteins
-amphipathic |
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Term
| Peripheral Membrane Proteins |
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Definition
-attached to the membrane by weak bonds and easily solubilized
-entirely outside bilayer |
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Term
| Lipid-anchored Membrane Proteins |
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Definition
| -Glycophophatidylinositol (GPI)-linked proteins found on outer layer and can be released by inositol-specific phospholipases |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Non-ionic Sidedness (Triton X-100) |
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Definition
| does not alter proteins tertiary structure |
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Term
| Site-directed Mutagenesis |
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Definition
-replaces specific amino acids with others
-Identifies some spatial relationships |
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Term
| Fluorescence Recovery after Photobleaching (FRAP)+ Single Particle Tracking (SPT) |
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Definition
| methods of labeling and tracking proteins |
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Term
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Definition
-major component of the internal membrane skeleton
-attached by non covalent bonds |
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Term
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Definition
-the difference between influx and efflux of materials
-can occur by passive diffusion and/or active transport |
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Term
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Definition
| Permits selective passage of K+ ions |
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Term
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Definition
| Helices S1-S4 and senses voltage across the plasma membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| Coupling active transport to existing ion gradients |
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Term
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Definition
| the use of energy stored in an ionic gradient |
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Term
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Definition
| the membrane potential of a nerve or muscle cell, subject to changes when activated |
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Term
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Definition
| when cells are stimulated, Na+ channels open, causing membrane depolarization |
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Term
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Definition
-covalently linked to lipids and proteins extracellularly
-glycoproteins have short, branched carbs for interaction with other cells
-glycolipids have larger carbohydrate chains that may be cell-to-cell recognition sites |
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Term
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Definition
| a virus particle outside of a host cell |
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Term
| The first step of glycolysis is facilitate by the enzyme .... |
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Definition
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Term
| Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate |
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Definition
| The compound that is cleaved into 2 three carbon molecules to synthesize pyruvate and ultimately ATP |
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Term
| Uracil is formed from cytosine via a ... |
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Definition
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Term
| What kind of organism reaches equilibrium |
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Definition
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Term
| 3 amino acids involved primarily in kinase reactions |
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Definition
| Serine, Threonine, Tyrosine |
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Term
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Definition
| "Helix breaker" amino acid, due to its inflexible R-Group |
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Term
| Components of a nucleotide |
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Definition
| Adenine, Ribose, and a phosphate |
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Term
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Definition
| an organism that can survive and grow in an oxygenated environment |
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Term
| Inner Boundary Membrane (mitochondrion) |
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Definition
| forms internal compartments known as cristae, which allow greater space for the proteins such as cytochromes to function properly and efficiently |
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Term
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Definition
| a fold in the inner membrane of a mitochondrion |
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Term
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Definition
| contains the mitochondria's DNA and ribosomes |
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Term
| Outer Mitochondrial Membrane |
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Definition
| has a protein-to-phospholipid ratio similar to the eukaryotic plasma membrane. It contains numerous integral proteins called porins, which contain a relatively large internal channel that is permeable to all molecules of 5000 daltons or less |
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Term
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Definition
| the region between the inner membrane and the outer membrane of a mitochondrion or a chloroplast. The main function of the intermembrane space is oxidative phosphorylation |
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Term
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Definition
| beta barrel proteins that cross a cellular membrane and act as a pore through which molecules can diffuse |
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Term
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Definition
| the metabolic pathway that converts glucose C6H12O6, into pyruvate, CH3COCOO− + H+ |
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Term
| Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle (TCA) |
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Definition
| a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to generate energy through the oxidation of acetate derived from carbohydrates, fats and proteins into carbon dioxide and chemical energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) |
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Term
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Definition
| the movement of ions across a selectively permeable membrane, down their electrochemical gradient |
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Term
| Oxidative Phosphorylation |
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Definition
| the metabolic pathway in which the mitochondria in cells use their structure, enzymes, and energy released by the oxidation of nutrients to reform ATP |
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Term
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Definition
| all chemical reactions in which atoms have their oxidation state changed—that is, redox reactions involve the transfer of electrons between species. |
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Term
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Definition
| couples electron transfer between an electron donor (such as NADH) and an electron acceptor (such as O2) with the transfer of H+ ions (protons) across a membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| involved in a wide array of biological processes, including, but by no means limited to, bioluminescence, removal of radicals contributing to oxidative stress, photosynthesis, DNA repair, and apoptosis; polypeptides bound together by FAD or FMN |
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Term
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Definition
| membrane-bound (i.e. inner mitochondrial membrane) hemeproteins containing heme groups and are primarily responsible for the generation of ATP via electron transport; contain heme groups bearing Fe or Cu ions |
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Term
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Definition
| located within a single protein complex and alternate between Cu2+ and Cu3+ |
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Term
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Definition
| a lipid-soluble molecule made of five carbon isoprenoid units |
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Term
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Definition
| contain Fe in association with inorganic sulfur |
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Term
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Definition
| a large complex that adds 4 electrons to O2 to form two molecules of H2O |
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Term
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Definition
| energy present in both components of the gradients |
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Term
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Definition
| Concentration gradient between matrix and intermembrane space |
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Term
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Definition
| Membrane bound vesicles that contain oxidative enzymes |
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Term
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Definition
| Special type of peroxisome specific to plants that can convert fatty acids to glucose by germinating seeds |
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