Stored energy as a result of location or spatial arrangement.

Cells constantly store energy and then gradually release it to do work.

Potential to Kinetic

Liver store energy as Glycogen-->ATP molecules

Energy associated with motion.

Liver breaks down Glycogen in order to make ATP molecules, which carry on the work of the cell

The law of conservation of energy- Energy cannot be created or destroyed, but can be changed from one form to another.

ie: sun energy-->plant-->chemical energy

With every energy transformation, some energy is "lost"(unusable energy) as heat.

Energy cannot be changed from one form to another without loss of usable energy.

ie: not all the captured solar energy from a plant becomes carbohudrates; some becomes heat.

Adenosine Triphosphate

Is a nucleotide that serves as a monomer for the construction of DNA and RNA.

Breakdown of ATP into ADP + P makes energy availale for energy requireing processes in cells.

Contains the sugar ribose, the nitrogen containing base adenine, and three phosphate groups

Used to power reactions (often called the energy currency of cells).

Cells use this to carry out nearly all activities: synthesizing macromolecules, transporting ions across the plasma membranes, and causing organelles and cilia to move.

Organic catalyst, usually a protein, that speeds a reaction in cells due to its particular shape, without itself being affected by the reaction.

Enzymes lower the energy of activation by bringing reactants together in an effective way at body temperature.

Region on the surface on an enzyme where the substrate binds and where the enzymatic reaction occurs.

Reactants in an enzymatic reaction are called the enzme's substrate. Only one small part of the enzyme called the active site, binds with the substrate

Factors that affect the rate of enzymatic reactions

To achieve maximum rate, enough substrate should be available to fill the active sites of all enzyme molecules most of the time.

Increasing the amount of substrate, and providing an adequate temp and optimal pH, also increase the rate of an enzymatic reaction.

However, when enzyme active sites are filled almost continuously with substrate, the enzyme's rate of activity cannot increase any more.

- Molecules move down their concentration gradient until equilibrium is achieved and they are distributed equally.

- Simple diffusion occurs because molecules are in motion, but it is a passive form of transport because a cell does not need to expend energy for it to happen.

Passive form of transport where molecules pass through the membrane.

Molecules bind with a carrier protein, and then they diffuse rapidly across the membrane to the other side.

Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane due to the concentration differences.

In certain cells, water diffuses into a cell more quickly than usual because it diffuses through a channel protein now called an aquaporin.

Use of a plasma membrane carrier protein and energy to move a substance into or out of a cell from lower to higher concentration

Active transport permits cells to remove the rest of the glucose into the body even if the concentration gradient is favorable.

Process by which substances are moved into the cell from the environment by phagocytocis (cellular eating) or pinocytosis (cellular drinking); includes receptor mediated endocytosis.

Endocytosis brings fluid or particles into the cell by vacoule formation; this causes Bulk Transport.

Process in which a intracellular vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane so that the vesicle's contents are released outside the cell.

Brings fluid or particles out of the cell by evagination.