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| boundary that separates the inside of cell from rest of world |
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| has a membrane; set of genetic instructions |
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no membrane; set of genetic instructions |
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outside nucleus but inside membrane |
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| cytoplasm not contained within membrane-bound organelles |
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| network of protein fibers; holds organelles in place; gives cell its shape; participates in cell movement |
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0.4-5 micrometerr; bacteria |
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| 10-100 micrometers; everything else: protists, fungi, plants, animals |
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| important in all chemical reactions; absorb nutrients, expel wastes |
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can specialize-division of labor, can lose and replace cells so life of multicellular organism can extend beyond life of individual cell |
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1.all organisms are composed of one or more cells. 2. cells are fundamental units of organization of all organisms. 3.all cells come from other cells |
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| water; 1000's of enzymes; fat drops; glycogen; ribosomes; 1/2 volume of cell; jellylike consistency |
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| RNA and protein; make protein |
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DNA associated with proteins=chromatin |
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| when cells divide chromatin form |
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| surrounded by nuclear envelope |
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| movement in and out of nucleus |
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| coded genetic information |
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| endoplasmic reticulum (ER) |
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| an extensive and convoluted network of membranes within a erkaryotic cell; continuous with outer membrane |
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| ribosomes on cytoplasmic side of membrane; synthesizes and modifies recently synthesized proteins |
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| no ribosomes; syntheses of lipids |
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| interconnected cavities and channels |
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| near nucleus; packaging center and traffic director; flattened discs like a stack of dinner plates; packages and labels glycoprotein |
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"powerhouse of the cell" produce ATP 3 phosphate---sugar---adenine |
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| vesicles that store enzymes |
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| type of microbody that removes electrons and associated hydrogen atoms |
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| vesicles that contain enzymes |
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| enzymes in lysosomes used to: |
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1.digest food-phagocytosis, food surrounded by membrane to form vesicle, vesicle fuses with lyso digestion 2. autophagy- breaks down damaged and worn out organelles |
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| cells take in solid particles of food |
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| breaks down damaged and worn out organelles |
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| complex network of protein filaments; gives structure and support to cytoplasm and organelles; enables cells to move; constantly remakes itself; made of microtubules and actin filaments |
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| fixed in place on cell surface; made of actin; can self assemble ie pure protein in a tube |
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| made of tubulin, can self assemble ie pure protein in a tube |
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| cell wall, vacuole, chloroplasts |
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| chloroplast-plants: contains chlorophyll CO2+H20---->sugar+O2 |
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| random movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration |
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| selectively permeable; allows passage of some molecules but not others |
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| speed of diffusion depends on: |
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| temperature; sizes of molecules; steepness of gradient |
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| movement of water across any selectively permeable membrane in response to a concentration gradient |
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| lots of salt concentration |
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| passive transport; active transport |
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| 2 types of movement across a selectively permeable membrane |
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| no expendature of energy, occurs spontaneously; channel mediated diffusion, facilitated diffusion |
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| requires energy, moves molecules against a concentration gradient |
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| increased rate of passive transport due to transporter proteins |
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| binds to molecule it transports and carries it across membrane |
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| ions or small molecules pass through channel proteins without regulation or help |
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| energy form ATP; energy from concentration difference |
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| active trasport that uses energy from ATP; ATP supplies energy to move molecule across membrane; Na+ or K+ pump; proton pump; energy from a concentration difference across a membrane |
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| active transport that is coupled transport of 2 substances; cotransporters-membrane proteins |
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| pumps sodium out pumps potassium in |
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| active transport; formation of tiny vesicles, substances in pinocytosis-take up liquids |
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| active transport; membrane surrounds molecules and fuses with cell membrane; cell that makes enzymes for export;cell that makes hormones |
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