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Development of the Cell Theory |
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Anton van Leeuwenhoek: Dutch shopkeeper. First person to see living cells, called them animalcules. Robert Hooke: English scientist/inventor. Observed a cork and called boxes "cells" which comes from Latin meaning "little rooms". The name stuck. He was really looking at the walls of dead plant cells. Matthias Schleiden: German botanist. Noticed that all the plants he observed under a microscope seemed to be made of tiny units. He stated that all plants were made up of similar units/cells. Theodor Schwann: German scientist. Observed animal tissue and stated that cells were the building blocks of both plants AND animals. Rudolf Virchow: German Physician. Stated that cells are produced only by other living cells. |
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-All living things are made up of one or more cells. -Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things. -All cells come only from other living cells. |
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Cell wall, cell membrane, cellulose, nucleus, cytoplasm, mitochondria, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi bodies, lysosomes, vacuoles, chloroplasts, chlorophyll. (organelles) |
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| Organization of Living Things |
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| Cell -- Tissue -- Organ -- Organ Systems |
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| The movement of a substance from an area of hig concentration to an area of low concentration. |
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| The diffusion of water across the cell membrane. Osmosis and Diffusion are types of PASSIVE TRANSPORT. During passive transport, some materials move freely through the cell membrane without the use of cell energy. |
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| Can be penetrated, let through. (Things going in and out of the cell membrane). |
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| Only lets certain things through |
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| Things can not pass freely through. |
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| Slip past each other to form tiny gaps. Water and other small molecules can easily enter or leave the cell through these gaps. Larger molecules can't fit. The cell membrane is mde up of two layers of lipid molecules. |
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When your body makes new cells. |
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| The process by whihc a cell nucleus divides into two identical nuclei. |
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| Interphase, prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase. |
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| Cell makes proteins, enzymes, mitochondira, and other substances enough for two cells. Centrioles duplicate. GETTING READY. |
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| Two centrioles migrate to opposite sides of the cell, spindle fibers begin to form between them. Nuclear membrane fades from view. The chromatid pairs, joined at their centromeres, are drawn toward the center of the cell by the spindle. |
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| The chromosomes align across the middle of the cell. Spindle fibers from each direction connect on opposite sides of each chromatid pair at the centromere. |
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| Each centromere divides and the chromatids become two separate, identical chromosomes. They are moved to opposite sides of the cell as the spindle fibers shorten. With identical sets of chromosomes on each side of the cell, it is prepared for division. |
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When the chromosomes reach opposite ends of the cell, the spindle disintegrates. A nuclear membrane forms around each set of single chromosomes. Two identical nuclei now exist. A furrow forms at the center of the cell membrane. The furrow deepens and divides the cell completely. Two separate cells now exist! Cytokinesis: When the cytoplasm splits. Last part. |
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| A unit of genetic material that determines a trait. A set of instruction for assembling a protein, made of DNA. |
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| Dominant Gene & Recessive Gene |
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Dominant: The strong form of a gene. Recessive: The weak form of a gene. |
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Genotype: The gene combination that determines the Phenotype. Phenotype: The trait that an organism actually shows. |
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| When a genotype is a combination of a dominant and recessive gene. |
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-The traits of an organismpass from the parents to the offspring. -Gene pairs determine traits. -Organisms inherit genes in pairs. One gene comes from the gamete of each parent. -Two members of a gene-pair separate at random. Half the gametes carry one of the genes and half carry the other gene. -Genes are dominant and recessive. When paired, a dominant gene hides the effect of a recessive gene. -The gene for a particular trait segregates independently of the genes for other traits. That is, genes do not segregate together. |
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| An easy way to predict the genetic results of a cross between two organisms. There are four boxes. Each box contains one of the possible combinations of genes for one trait inherited from the parents. |
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When different genes pair together, they produce a trait somwhere between the traits of the two parents. Example: white-flowered snap dragon and red-flowered snap dragon produce an offspring with pink flowers. |
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X: longer one (Female) Y: shorter one (Male) The sperm determines the gender. If the sperm carries a Y chromosome and fertilizes the ovum the baby will be a boy. If the sperm carries a X chromosome it will be a girl. . |
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In males sex-linked traits are always expressed. The genes are on the sex chromosome. Common Example: Color Blindness |
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Adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine. A & T go together. G & C go together. Base Pairs. The genetic code is set by the order of nitrogen bases in the DNA. Each group of three bases on one of the strands is like a word in the genetic code. The sequence A-C-T means something different from T-C-A. Each of these "words" is one genetic instruction coding for a particular amino acid. |
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| The copying process. A DNA molecule "unzips" to form two strands. As the molecule unzips the base pairs separate. Each single strand of DNA then picks up bases present in the cell's cytoplasm. Two complete molecules of DNA are created. Each new DNA molecule has the same order of base pairs as the original. |
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| A change in DNA or the chromosomes. Mutations occur in both body cells and sex cells. Only mutations in sex cells pass on to offspring. Not all mutuations are harmful but can cause cancer, birth defects, etc. |
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| The process of choosing and mating organisms with desired traits. |
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