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cell reproduction
mitosis
26
Biology
Undergraduate 2
04/06/2011

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Term
Mitosis
Definition
is nuclear division plus cytokinesis, and produces two identical daughter cells
Term
Cytokinesis
Definition
The division of the cytoplasm and the plasma membrane following the division of the nucleus resulting into two cells, each having its own nucleus and cytoplasm surrounded by a plasma membrane
Term
Interphase
Definition
Doubles in size and makes a copy of its DNA
Term
G1 Phase
Definition
 in which the cell grows and functions normally. During this time, much protein synthesis occurs and the cell grows (to about double its original size) - more organelles are produced, increasing the volume of the cytoplasm. If the cell is not to divide again, it will remain in this phase
Term
S Phase
Definition
the cell duplicates its DNA
Term
G2 Phase
Definition
in which the cell resumes its growth in preparation for mitosis
Term
DNA Replication
Definition
one double-stranded DNA molecule produces two identical copies of the molecule
Term
Base Pairing
Definition
 adenine (A) forms a base pair with thymine (T) and guanine (G) forms a base pair with cytosine (C).
Term
DNA double helix
Definition
the structure formed by double-stranded molecules of nucleic acids
Term
Eukaryotic chromosomes
Definition

the chromosomes are found packaged within a nuclear membrane

This membrane consists of a DNA double helix bound to an octamer of core histones

 

Term
histones
Definition
highly alkaline proteins found in eukaryotic cell nuclei, which package and order the DNA into structural units called nucleosomes.[
Term
H1
Definition
does not make up the nucleosome "bead". Instead, it sits on top of the structure, keeping in place the DNA that has wrapped around the nucleosome. In addition to binding to the nucleosome, the H1 protein binds to the "linker DNA" (approximately 20-80 nucleotides in length) region between nucleosomes, helping stabilize the zig-zagged 30 nm chromatin fiber.
Term
Core
Definition
histones (H2A, H2B, H3 and H4)
Term
Nucleosome
Definition
basic unit of DNA packaging in eukaryotes, consisting of a segment of DNA wound around a histone protein core
Term
Nucleosome Core
Definition

formed of two H2A-H2B dimers and a H3-H4 tetramer

 

core particle plus H1 linker region

 

Term
Non-Histones
Definition
In chromatin, those proteins which remain after the histones have been removed, are classified as non-histone proteins. Scaffold proteins, DNA polymerase, Heterochromatin Protein 1 and Polycomb are common non-histone proteins
Term
Chromosomes
Definition

an organized structure of DNA and protein that is found in cells

or condensed form of DNA that contains many genes

Term
How many pairs of chromosomes do humans have?
Definition
23
Term
How many chromosomes do humans have?
Definition
46
Term
chromosome replication
Definition
[image]
Term
chromatids
Definition
are the daughter strands of a duplicated chromosome which are joined by a single centromere
Term
centromere
Definition
 a region on a chromosome that joins two sister chromatids.
Term
Chromatin
Definition

the combination of DNA and other proteins that make up the contents of the nucleus. The primary protein component of chromatin is histones which act to compactly package the DNA. Chromatin is only found in eukaryotic cells

 

Term
What is the function of chromatin?
Definition
package DNA into a smaller volume to fit in the cell, to strengthen the DNA to allow mitosis and meiosis and prevent DNA damage, and to control gene expression and DNA replication.
Term
Monad Chromosome
Definition
chromatid in single state
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