Term
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Definition
| target cell receives extracellular signal and converts it to an intracellular signal in a sequential manner that alters cell behavior. |
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Term
| What is secreted as a hormone into the bloodstream and is a wide spread way of cell signaling? |
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Definition
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Term
| What cell signaling uses a local mediator? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is autocrine signaling? |
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Definition
| A form of paracrine signaling in which the signaling molecule is released from the same cell that receives the signal. |
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Term
| What is the path of neuronal signaling? |
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Definition
| cell body--> axon--> synapse--> releases neurotransmitter. |
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Term
| What does contact-dependent signaling need? |
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Definition
| adjacent cells with a signal and the other with a receptor. |
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Term
| In the Delta Notch Pathway the cell with --- will signal to other surrounding cells to stay ---- and not develop into nerve cells. |
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Definition
blank 1: delta
blank 2: epithelial cell |
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Term
| Signal molecules can be free in the extra cellular fluid, bound to surface of neighbor cells or -------- |
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Definition
| embedded in the extra cellular matrix. |
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Term
| Cells can be told to survive, grow and divide, die, or ----- |
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Definition
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Term
In the NO pathway
1. activated nerve terminal releases -----
2. it diffuses to receptors on ----- cells.
3. This stimulates the production of NO from -----.
4. NO diffuses into a smooth muscle and then binds to and activates ----- which makes ----- from -----.
5. this prolongs the NO signal, prolonging ---- and----- |
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Definition
1. acetylcholine
2.endothelial
3. arginine
4.guanylyl cyclase,cGMP, GTP
5. smooth muscle relaxation, blood vessel dilation. |
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Term
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Definition
| the enzyme that degrades cGMP. |
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Term
| Cell receptors go through what 5 steps? |
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Definition
1. primary transduction
2. relay(spread)
3. transduce and amplify
4. integrate(in multiple pathways)
5. Distribute ( more than one signal pathway) |
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Term
| What three things act as molecular switches for signaling? |
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Definition
1. Kinases
2. Phosphatases
3. GTP binding |
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Term
| What is the largest family of surface receptors and 1/2 of drugs work using? |
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Definition
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Term
| Of the G-protein which subunits are lipid linked? |
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Definition
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Term
| The G-protein can switch itself off by ----- this causes ----and --- |
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Definition
1. hydrolyzing the bound GTP on alpha subunit to GDP.
2. Alpha portion to re-associate with the beta-gamma portion and the G-protein will become inactive. |
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Term
| Letting out K+ from the cell does what? |
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Definition
| repolarize or hyperpolarize the cell making it harder to stimulate. |
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Term
| ----- are small molecules that diffuse to act on intracellular signalling proteins; they are produced as part of the signaling process and go off and set off other reactions give an example. |
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Definition
| Second messengers, ex: cAMP |
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Term
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Definition
| inhibits cAMP phosphodiesterase. |
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Term
In the GPCR/K+ channel pathway:
1. acetylcholine binds to GPCR
2. the GPCR is activated and that activates the G-protein by------------ and the subunits disassociate into alpha and beta-gamma complex.
3. the ----- portion of the g-protein then activates the K+ channel allowing it to open.
.4 This pathway does what? |
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Definition
2. decreasing the alpha subunits affinity for GDP and increasing its affinity for GTP.
3. beta-gamma
4. relaxes muscles |
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Term
The GPCR/Adenylyl cyclase Pathway:
1. ----- binds and activates GPCR.
2.GPCR activates Gs G-protein by decreasing its affinity for --- and increases affinity for -----.
3. the ---- sub-unit of Gs activates adenylyl cyclase.
4. Adenylyl cyclase makes --- from ----
5. ----then activates----
6. PKA can then activate ------- by phosphorylating it (which can phosphorlylate other proteins) or go into the nucleus and phosphorylates a ----- to influence transcription. |
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Definition
1. adrenaline
2. GDP, GTP
3. alpha
4. cAMP, ATP
5. cAMP, PKA
6. phosphorylase kinase, transcription regulator |
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Term
The GPCR/Phospholipase pathway:
1. signal binds to GPCR activating it which then activates the G-protein by decreasing the aplha sub-units affinity for GDP and increasing its affinity for GTP, the G-protein dissociate into alpha and beta-gamma complex.
2. the --- sub-unit activates phospholipase C.
3. phospholipase C then cleaves inositol phospholipid (IP3) from the membrane separating it from -----
4. IP3 then opens------ on the ----
5. DAG the recruits---- and the calcium released from ER -----it. |
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Definition
2. alpha
3.Dicyclglycerol (DAG)
4. ligand-gated Ca2+ channel on the ER.
5. PKC, activates it. |
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Term
| Ca2+ is important for ---, ----, ---- and activation of various proteins. |
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Definition
| fertilization, muscle contractions, and secretion. |
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Term
*Ca2+ can bind to clamodulin which causes a -----
* ----- are kinases that need calcium bound to calmodulin in order to function. |
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Definition
*conformational change
* CaM-kinases |
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Term
| CaM kinases are important for --- and ----. They affect protein function by----- |
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Definition
| learning and memory. Phosphorylating various proteins. |
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Term
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Definition
| `Receptor Tyrosine Kinase |
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Term
The RTK/Ras Pathway:
1. a dimer signal binds to the RTK activating tacking on ---phosphates to each side of the receptor.
2. adaptor protein ---- binds to the RTK then ---- binds to adaptor protein becoming activated.
3. Ras activation protein then activates the membrane bound --- by decreasing it affinity for GDP and increasing its affinity for GTP.
4. the activated Ras then activates ------.
5. Map (Kinase x 3) activates Map (Kinase x 2) by ------ adding on two distant phosphates.
6. Map (Kinase x 2) then activates Map Kinase with ATP hydrolysis and the phosphates get -----
7. another ATP hydrolysis happens and the signal goes on to influence ---- and ----. |
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Definition
1. 3
2. Ras activating protein
3. Ras
4. Map (Kinase x3)
5. ATP hydrolysis
6. closer together
7. protein activity and gene expression. |
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Term
The RTK/Akt Pathway:
1. survival signal (like IGF) binds and activates RTK phosphorylating it --- on each side of receptor.
2. through and adaptor ------binds and is activated.
3. the above kinase then phosphorylates the membrane bound inositol phospholipid into ---.
4. PI3 becomes a docking site for --- and -----.
5. Protein kinase 1 and 2 activate and phosphorylate Akt adding on -- phosphates.
6. Akt then phosphorylates ---- stopping it from sequestering ---.
7. as the phosphorylated -- is deactivated the now activated --- can go on to ----- |
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Definition
1. once
2. PI3 kinase
3. PI3
4. protein kinase 1 and Akt
5.2
6. Bad, Bc12
7.Bad, Bc12, inhibit apoptosis. |
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Term
| Activated Akt can also indirectly activate ---- by phosphorylating and inhibiting a protein that shuts it down. |
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Definition
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Term
| Tor is important for ----- |
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Definition
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Term
The JAK/STAT pathway:
1. --- binds to the prolactin receptors that 2 ----s are attached to.
2. Jak then ---- themselves and both become activated.
3. Jak then phosphorylates -----
4. Then ---- binds to receptor and is activated and phosphorylated by Jaks.
5. The --- then dissociates from receptor and forms a ----
6. The dimer then goes into the nucleus and binds with ------ which then together activates the transcription of genes that encode ----- |
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Definition
1. Prolactin, Jak
2.phosphorylated
3. the receptors
4. STATs
5. STATs, STAT 5 dimer.
6. 2 transcription regulators, milk protein. |
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Term
| Enzyme coupled receptors can also turn things off like the presence of ---- inactivates the protein kinase and allows for transcription of responsive genes. |
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Definition
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Term
| Microtubules are made up of ----- that form -----. |
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Definition
| heterodimers alpha and beta, protofilaments. |
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Term
A microtubule consists of --- protofilaments.
Microtubules grow out of the nucleating sites which are --------. The microtubules grow at the --- end. |
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Definition
| 13, gamma tubulin ring complexes. positive (+). |
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Term
| Microtubules functions are: |
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Definition
| system of tracks, anchoring and guiding transport. |
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Term
| Each tubulin dimer is bound to --- when it attatches to a growing strand. |
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Definition
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Term
| When microtubules have -- they pack better. Their positive end ends with --- while their negative ends in --. |
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Definition
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Term
| Microtubules disassemble when the speed of --- outpaces the addition of microtubules. |
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Definition
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Term
| A GTP cap helps --- a microtubule. |
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Definition
| stabilize and inhibits depolymerization. |
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Term
Taxol does what?
Colchine does what? |
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Definition
Taxol= stabilizes Microtubules
Colchine= prevent polymerization of microtubules. |
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Term
| Molecules move up and down microtubules via motor proteins. Dynein moves -----. Kinesins moves -------. |
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Definition
Dynein moves to negative end (inward).
Kinesins move to positive end (outward). |
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Term
| Motor molecules move via ----- |
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Definition
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Term
| Cilia grow out of the ---- and generates the long length of the tail called ------. |
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Definition
| basal body(which is a modified centriole), axoneme. |
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Term
| What are the functions of basal bodies? |
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Definition
1. provide cilia template.
2. determine the way the cilia moves
3. regulate protein entry into the cilia, there is a cilia localization signal but it is not necessary always. |
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Term
Immotile cilia structure?
Motile cilia structure? |
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Definition
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Term
| What two things are needed for the cilia to bend? |
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Definition
| Dynein bound to one MT binding to another as cargo and walk inward to the (-) end. Also needed is the Nexin links that keep the two microtubules from sliding. |
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Term
| Centrioles are composed of --- triplet microtubules. |
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Definition
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Term
| IFT stands for? what is it? Is kinesin of dynein faster? |
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Definition
| Intraflagellar Transport, one motor molecule can move many things at once, kinesins are slower(2.5 um/sec), and dynein is faster(4 um/sec). |
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Term
| What is the most durable cytoskeleton filament? |
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Definition
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Term
| The IF surrounds the --- and extends into the ----. It is made up of a central---- with two ----. |
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Definition
| nucleus, periphery, alpha helix, globular heads. |
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Term
| Two dimers of the intermediate filament coming together for a --------. ----- strands of that form a filament. |
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Definition
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Term
| There are 4 classes of IF, list them and describe them. |
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Definition
1. Keratin- cytoplasmic filaments in the epithelial cells, they are the most diverse and span the interior of the cells from end to end and connect indirectly through desmosomes.Mutations in keratin can cause blisters.
2. Vimentin and vimentin-related- cytoplasmic filaments that make up connective tissues, muscle cells, and glial cells.
3. Neurofilaments- cytoplasmic filament that make up nerves.
4. Nuclear Lamins- nuclear filaments that disassemble and reassemble through division. Phosphorylation weakens the bonds while dephosphorylation leads to reassembly. |
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Term
| What filaments have dynamic instability? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does Phalloidin do? What does Cytochalasin do? |
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Definition
Phalloidin stabilizes actin filaments.
Cytochalasin caps positive (+) end of the actin preventing depolymerization. |
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Term
| Name 7 actin binding proteins: |
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Definition
1. nucleating
2. side binding
3. motor protein
4. capping
5. crosslinking
6.bundling
7. severing |
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Term
| The Cell Cortex is made up of --- filaments linked by binding proteins to support the cell and give it shape. |
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Definition
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Term
| Name three steps of cell migration: |
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Definition
1. cell pushes out protrusion from leading edge
2. Protrusion adheres to surface that the cell is crawling.
3. rest of the cell drags itself forward by contraction. |
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Term
| the ------- is thin and sheet like and made up of actin. The ---- are thin stiff protrusions thats elongation is driven by formins. |
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Definition
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Term
| ----- complexes allow actin to form in multiple directions and cause branching. |
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Definition
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Term
| ---- help drive the elongation of actin filaments in the filopedia w/ NO branching. |
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Definition
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Term
| ---- are transmembrane proteins and adheres to molecules in the extracellular matrix. Inside the cell these bind to actin through acessory proteins.These work as a anchoring system. |
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Definition
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Term
| ----- are actin dependant motor proteins, they bind to and hydrolyze ATP. It always moves to (+) positive end. |
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Definition
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Term
Myosin I is found in -----.
Myosin II is found in -----. |
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Definition
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Term
Myosin I has a ---- and ---.
Myosin II is a --- that associate to form ----- myosin filament with heads projecting out at ----region in center.And is the major component of ----- |
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Definition
| head and tail. dimer, bipolar, bare. muscles. |
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Term
RHO PROTEINS: are --- binding proteins that cycle b/w GTP (-----) with GDP bound(------).
1. ------ are inactive cells.
2. ------ help form contractile bundles.
3. ------ help form lamellipodium
4. ------- help form filopodia. |
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Definition
GTP, active, inactive.
1. Quiescent
2.Rho
3. Rac
4. Cdc42 |
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Term
| ----- allows actin filaments to slide over eachother. |
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Definition
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Term
| ----- are contractile elements of muscle. |
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Definition
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Term
| ----- are contractile units of myofibrils. |
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Definition
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Term
| actin filaments are anchored to the (+) end by ------- on the ------ |
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Definition
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Term
MUSCLE CONTRACTION:
1.(attached) at start of cycle myosin heads are locked tight on -------- in rigor conformation.
2.(released) molecule of ATP binds to the large cleft on the back of the ------ that causes a slight change in conformation at actin binding site but the head remains close to the actin.
3.(cocked) The cleft closes like a shell around the ------ that causes a major shape change causing the myosin head to to be displaced along the filament while the ATP hyrdrolyzes but the ADP and phosphate ----- to the myosin head.
4.(force generating) a weak binding of the myosin head to a new target site on the actin filament causes a release of the ---------this causes a ------- during which the head regains orignial conformation losing the ADP. |
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Definition
1. actin filament
2. myosin head
3. ATP, remain bound
4. inorganic phosphate, power stroke. |
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Term
| The action potential surges through the ------ causing voltage gated Ca+2 channel to open in the SR. Muscle contraction is caused by a sudden rise in -----. |
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Definition
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Term
| Released Ca+2 binds to ------- which induces a shape change in the ---- which allows the ---- to bind to actin. |
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Definition
| Troponin, Tropomyosin, myosin heads. |
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Term
1. Thick filaments=
2. Thin filaments= |
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Definition
|
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Term
| the ----- cause the striated appearance of muscles and are the contractile units of myofibrils of actin and myosin. |
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Definition
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Term
| The myosin and actin filaments of the of a sacromere overlap with the same relative ------ on either side of the----. During contraction the actin and myosin filaments slide past eachother without ------- this is driven by the myosin moving to the ---- end of adjacent actin filament. |
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Definition
| polarity, midline, shortening, positive (+). |
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Term
| T-tubules stand for ------. These connect from the ------ to ------ to -------. They extend ----- each myofibril. |
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Definition
| Transverse tubules. plasma membrane-->sacromeres--->myofibrils. around. |
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Term
| Opening the Ca+2 channels in the SR depends on the opening of voltage gated channels in the ------- |
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Definition
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Term
| depolarization causes the opening of Ca+2 channels in the ----- which then causes opening of Ca+2 channels of the ----. |
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Definition
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Term
| ----- is a rigid rod shaped molecule that binds to groove in actin filament preventing myosin heads from associating with actin filament. |
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Definition
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Term
| ----- is a protein complex that includes Ca+2 sensitive protein associated with end of tropomyosin molecule. |
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Definition
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