cell growth

• defined as an increase in the number of cells
• binary fission

binary fission

• elongation of a rod like cell (to 2x its orginal size until it breaks into two)
• generation time - the amount of time it takes to occur
• Fts proteins are involved

FtsZ

• attaches in a ring, eventually splits the cell in half after DNA is replicated
• tubulin - forms a hoop shaped filament around the center of the cell
• GTP hydrolysis drives filament shortening and membrane invagination

divisome

• the cell division apparatus that is created by Fts proteins

FtsA

• connects the FtsZ to the cytoplasmic membrane

ZipA

• serves as an anchor that connects and stabilizes the FtsZ ring to the cytoplasmic membrane

Min Proteins

• "minicell formation"
• prevent the FtsZ ring from being placed near the middle of the cell (nuclear material)
• Min C - forms a spiral structure on the inner surface of the cytoplasmic membrane, oscillating to and from
• Min D - localizes MinC to the cytoplasmic membrane
• Min C + Min D - inhibit cell division
• Min E - oscillates from pole to pole, sweeping Min C and Min D aside, preventing formation of Min CD complexes in the middle of the cell 

PBPs

• penicillin binding proteins
• catalyze both the glycosyl transferase and transpeptidase activities

transpeptidation

• final step in the cell wall synthesis
• forms the peptide cross-links between muramic acid residues on adjacent glycan chains
• penicillin inhibits this reaction

steps in cell division

• DNA replication and segregation (begins before the start of division)
• cytokinese (splitting of the cytoplass in two, septum formation)
• synthesis of the new cell (polymerizing and crosslinking peptidoglycan strands, cell shape determination)

endospores

• hardest thing on earth to kill 
• highly heat resistent, chemical resisten, UV resistent, and resistent to antibiotics
• produced by having one cell inside the other

structural components of an endospore

• exosporium - outermost layer, loose fitting
• coat - made of multiple protein layers, highly crosslinked
• cortex - modified peptidoglycan 
• inner membrane - cytoplasmic membrane

endospores to know

• Bacillus
• Clostridium