Term
| The smallest unit that scientists agree is alive is the |
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Definition
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Term
| The region in a human cell that houses the bulk of the genetics material is the |
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Definition
| nucleus or nuclear region |
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Term
| Most of the cellular machinery in human cells is in the |
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Definition
| cytoplasm or cytoplasmic region |
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Term
| Cellular interactions with the environment are controlled by which region of the cell? |
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Definition
| membrane or membrane-associated region |
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Term
| The basic structre of a cell's membrne is a __(1)__ bilayer with associated proteins that can either __(2)__ or __(3)__ |
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Definition
(1) phospholipid
(2) integral
(3) peripheral |
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Term
| Receptors in the cell's surface tend to be made of |
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Definition
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Term
| The moles that allow cells to join and adhere to one another and or objects are made of ______. |
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Definition
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Term
| When a cell is attached to a bustrate, the cell's membrane is protectedfrom riing by ____ which pass the external forces from the exterior to the interior of the cell. |
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Definition
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Term
| _________ are membrane junctions which prevent passage of materials between two cells. |
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Definition
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Term
| ________ are membrane which allow force to be passed from cell to cell without separation of, or damage to, the cellular membranes. |
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Definition
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Term
| ________ are membrane junctions which contain hollow channels within them that allow ions to pass through from cell to cell. |
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Definition
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Term
| When a molecule moves from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration, the proces is called |
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Definition
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Term
| Molecues can passively diffuse that the plasma membrane with the aide of __(1)__ proteins, which form a tunnel that specific molecules can travel, and __(2)__ proteins, which bind to a molecule and chnage shape so that unbinding occurs on the opposite side of the membrane. |
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Definition
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Term
| If a molecule can only pass through a membrane with the assistance of a membrane protein, but the direction of its travel is controlled only by its concentration, the process is called _______ diffusion. |
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Definition
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Term
| When water moves from an area where there is more water to an area where there is less, the process is called |
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Definition
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Term
| _______ is the diffusion of water molecules |
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Definition
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Term
| When a cell is surrounded by solution of equivalent solute concentration, the solution is said to be __(1)__ to the cell, and the net movement of water is __(2)___. |
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Definition
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Term
| When a cell is surrounded by solution of high solute concentration, the solution is siad to be __(1)__ to the cell, and the net movement of water is _(2)__. |
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Definition
(1) hypertonic
(2) out of the cell |
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Term
| When a cell is surrounded by solution of lower solute concentrations, the solution is said to be __(1)__ to the cell, and the net movement of water is __(2)__. |
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Definition
(1) hyptonic
(2) into the cell |
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Term
| ____ is the passage of liquids and solutes through membranes due to differences in pressure, a process which is important in the kidney |
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Definition
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Term
| When energy is being used to move a solute from low to high areas of concentration, the process is called _______. |
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Definition
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Term
| The concentration of sodium is highest [outside/inside] the cell, while for potassium, the reverse is true. |
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Definition
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Term
| Sodium and potassium gradients are maintained by an active-transport protein called the sodium-potassium pump, which moves __(1)__ sodiums out of the cell for every __(2)__ potassium ions brought in. |
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Definition
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Term
| The energy to operate the sodium-potassium pump comes from the hydrolysis of __(1)__, which transfers a __(2)__ to the transport protein. |
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Definition
(1) ATP
(2) phosphate bond or high-energy phosphate bond |
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Term
| In ________, interactions between vesicle proteins and plasma membrane proteins cause a vesicle to merge with the plasma membrane and discharge its contents to the cell's exterior. |
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Definition
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Term
| In ______, clarthrin-coated regions of the cell's exterior invaginate and form vesicles which bring a portion of the extracellular material into the cell. |
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Definition
| clathrin-mediated endocytosis |
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Term
| When a vesicle is formed on one side of the cell to endocytose extracellular material, and actually transverses the cell to leave on the other side, the process is called ______. This proces is important in digestion. |
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Definition
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Term
| Endocytosis, exocytosis, and transcytosis are all examples of ______ transport. |
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Definition
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Term
| A difference in the number of positive and negative charges on the two sides of a membrane is referred to as the ________. |
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Definition
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Term
| The two factors that act in opposite ways to stablize the resting membrane potential are __(1)__ and __(2)__. |
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Definition
(1) concetration gradients (or diffusion)
(2) electrostatic attraction. |
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Term
| The two major ions responsible for the membrane potential in human cells are __(1)__ and __(2)__. |
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Definition
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Term
| The glycocalyx is composed of _____ molecules (a class of macromolecule) attached to proteins and lips on the cell surface. |
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Definition
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Term
| Cells sense contact with other cells and with surfaces, and adhere to substranes and other cells, largely via the use of carbohydrate-rich macromolecules in the cell membrane which together compose the ________. |
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Definition
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Term
| The three major signal types recognized by membrane receptors are __(1)__ signals, ___(2)__, and __(3)__. |
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Definition
(1) chemical
(2) elecrical
(3) contact |
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Term
| A common function of all _____ is to transmit an external event, as a signal, into the cell to allow the cell to respond. |
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Definition
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Term
| The entire region between the cellular nucleus and the membrane is called the __(1)__ , the liquid portion is called the __(2)__, and the membrane-enclosed compartment in which specific functions are localized and called __3)__. |
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Definition
(1) cytoplasm
(2) cytosol
(3) organelles |
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Term
| If a particle in the cell's cytoplasm can be seen with light microscopy, it is called an ______. |
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Definition
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Term
| Mitochondria have ________(have many?) membranes, each of which is a bilayer. |
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Definition
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Term
| The innermost membrane of mitochondria is folded, forming wrinkles called _______. |
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Definition
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Term
| The major (not only) function of mitochondria is to completely oxidize fuels and to capture the energy in a molecule called ________. |
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Definition
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Term
| _________ are hugh macromolecules compose of RNA and protein, whose function is to synthesize protein. |
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Definition
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Term
| Cytosolic proteins are made by __(1)__ ribosomes, while proteins destined for export, or use in membrane, are made by __(2)__ ribosomes. |
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Definition
(1) free
(2) membrane bound (or ER bound) |
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Term
| The rough endoplasmic reticulum is distinguised by the presence of _____ on its surfae, and is responsible for making integral membrane proteins, secreted proteins, and phopholipids. |
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Definition
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Term
| Ribosomes become bound to the membrane of the rough ER after they have started making protein due to the presence of a _______ on the newly made protein which binds to receptors called SRPs (Signal Recognition Particles) on the ER surface. |
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Definition
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Term
| The function of the _____ ER varies greatly from cell type to cell type, and can include lipid metabolism, steroid synthesis, calcium storage and release, and others. |
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Definition
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Term
| Proteins leaving the rough ER are transported to the ______ for modification, packaging, and trasport to the appropriate location. |
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Definition
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Term
| The series of organelles that are able to exchange membrane components with one another are collectively known as the _______. |
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Definition
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Term
| The organelles within the cell whose main functions are digestion and hydrolysis are the _________. |
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Definition
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Term
| The organelles which isolate hazardous chemical reactions within the cell, especially those producing free radicals, are called ________. |
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Definition
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Term
| The three principle components of the cytoskeleton are __(1)__, __(2)__, and __(3)__. |
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Definition
(1) microfilaments
(2) intermediate filaments
(3) microtubules |
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Term
| The primary functions of ______ are to brace and strengthen the cell's surface and to attach to cellular adhesion molecules which allow binding to substrates and other cells. They also function in endocytosis and exocytosis. |
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Definition
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Term
| The semi-parmanent structural framework of the cell, which transmit force from one point in the membrane to others, allowing cells to spread a stretching force across a wide region and to other cells, are the _______. |
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Definition
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Term
| The dynamic, hollow tubes which help to determine the overall shape of the cell and along which organelles move as if on a conveyor belt are the ________. |
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Definition
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Term
| The molecules which use energy from ATP to move organelles along certain components of the cytoskeleton are called _______. |
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Definition
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Term
| The structures that organize and generate the microtubules for the mitotic spindle during mitosis and for cilia and flagella are called ________. |
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Definition
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Term
| Short, cellular projections that allow the cell to move through their environment, or for human cells, to move fluid across their surface, are called _______. |
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Definition
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Term
| The cytoskeletal components that give cilia their mobility and structural strength are _______. |
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Definition
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Term
| The primary difference between cilia and flagella is _______. |
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Definition
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Term
| The nuclear envelope consists of ______ (how many?) separate membrane bilayers? |
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Definition
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Term
| The outer membrane of the nuclear envelope is continuous with the ______. |
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Definition
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Term
| The function of the _____ is to regulate which materials enter or leave the nucleus. |
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Definition
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Term
| Large molecules are transported into or out of the nucleus through _________. |
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Definition
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Term
| Ribosomal RNA is produced in |
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Definition
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Term
| DNA wrapped around histones within the nucleus is called ______ because it could take up dyes and showe as a colored substance when a microscope was used. |
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Definition
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Term
| The cell cycle can be divered into two major phases, __(1)__ and __(2)__. |
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Definition
(1) interphase
(2) mitotic or mitosis |
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Term
| Interphase can be divered into three groups of events, __(1)__, __(2)__ and __(3)__. |
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Definition
(1) G1 (or gap1)
(2) S (or synthesis)
(3) G2 (or gap 2) |
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Term
| DNA is made during the _____ phase of the cell cycle. |
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Definition
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Term
| Cells that have permanently stopped dividing enter a phase of the cell cycle known as _______. |
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Definition
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Term
| Cell growth and preparation for cell division occur during the __(1)__ and __(2)__ phases respectively. |
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Definition
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Term
| Replication or division of the nucleus is called ________. |
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Definition
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Term
| Once there are two nuclei, the cell itself may divide into a process called ________. |
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Definition
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Term
| Mitosis consists of four phases. In order they are __(1)__, __(2)__, __(3)__, and __(4)__. |
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Definition
(1) prophase
(2) metaphase
(3) anaphase
(4) telophase |
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Term
| During _____, the nuclear envelope dissolves and the chromatin condenses. |
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Definition
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Term
| During ______, the individual chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell. |
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Definition
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Term
| In _____, the sister chromatids separate. |
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Definition
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Term
| In _____, a new nuclear envelope forms. |
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Definition
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Term
| DNA is made by enzymes called ________. |
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Definition
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Term
| During DNA synthesis, new nucleotides an only be added to the _______ end of the DNA. |
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Definition
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Term
| The structure of DNA is anti-parallel, meaning that the strands are ________. |
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Definition
| parallel, but pointed in opposite directions |
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Term
| The ______ strand of DNA is made discontinuously (in small pieces). |
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Definition
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Term
| DNA polymerases require a _____ which is the cell is either a pre-existing piece of DNA, or a newly made piece of RNA. |
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Definition
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Term
| When RNA is removed from the lagging strand during DNA synthesis, it is replaced by DNA everywhere except at the __(1)__ end of the strand. It cannot be replaced there, because there is no __(2)__. |
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Definition
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Term
| A hereditary nucleic acid sequence which contains the information needed to make a cellular component is called a ________. |
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Definition
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Term
| In humans, _______ is the chemical which contains the original sequence information encoding proteins and other cellular components and which is the "master copy" that is passed on to future generations. |
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Definition
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Term
| In humans, ________ is a disposable copy of the nucleic acid sequence which contains the information encoding proteins and other cellular components. It is used by the ribosomes in the cytoplasm to create a protein with the correct amino acid sequence. |
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Definition
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Term
| _______ is a form of RNA that carries amino acids to the ribosome during protein synthesis. |
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Definition
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Term
| _______ is a form of RNA that is a physical component of the ribosome. |
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Definition
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Term
| During __(1)__, the sequence of the DNA is copied into RNA. During __(2)__, the ribosome uses the nucleotide sequence to create a protein with the correct amino acid sequence. |
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Definition
(1) transcription
(2) translation |
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Term
| Codons are found in __(1)__ RNA, while anticodons are found in __(2)__ RNA. |
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Definition
(1) messenger
(2) transfer |
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Term
| Translation occurs in which part of the cell? |
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Definition
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Term
| Non-functional organelles are degraded by _______. |
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Definition
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Term
| Proteins which are no longer functional are marked for degradation by the addition of ________. |
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Definition
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Term
| The _____ is an organized, extracellular mesh of varying density in which cells are found. |
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Definition
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Term
| At the DNA level, the difference between a liver cell and a brain cell, is that they __(1)__, although they have the same __(2)__. |
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Definition
(1) have different genes active
(2) DNA |
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Term
| The development of specific and distinctive features in a cell (example, when a cell becomes a liver or a brain cell) is called ________. |
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Definition
| differentiation or cell differentiation |
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Term
| In organisms that _____, unrepaired, damaged parts are not replaced. |
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Definition
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Term
| In organisms that age, repair of damage is _______. |
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Definition
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Term
| In organsims that _____, life processes which have short term benefits but which have negative effects in the long term are allowed to occur |
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Definition
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