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Cell Biology
Timeline,organelles,categories of cells
60
Biology
9th Grade
10/26/2009

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Cards

Term
1665-R. Hooke
Definition
     First to observe dead plant- CORK
Term
1675-A. Van Leewenhoek
Definition
First to observe LIVING cells
Term
1838-Schleiden and Schwann
Definition
First to state PLANTS and ANIMALS are made of cells
Term
1855-Virchow
Definition

Stated that cells come from other cells

Term
What are all living things made of?
Definition
cells
Term
What are cells the basic unit of?
Definition
structure and function
Term
New cells come from...
Definition
preexisting cells
Term

Prokaryotes

(4 things)

Definition

-No nucleus

-Lacks most organelles

-Bacteria and archaea

-Appears first in Earth's fossil record

Term
Where is DNA in a prokaryote?
Definition
In an area called the NUCLEOID REGION(not enclosed by a membrane)
Term
Nucleoid Region
Definition

Where the DNA is held in a prokaryote

(not enclosed by a membrane)

Term

Eukaryotes

(6 things)

Definition

-Nucleus

-contains many organelles

-Plants, animals, fungi, protista

-Some are single celled

-Some form multicellular organisms

-Organisms with eukaryotic cells appeared later in Earth's history

Term

Plant cells

(4 things)

Definition

-Contains choroplasts

-Square/rectangular shape

-cell wall and cell membrane

-central vacuole

Term

Animal Cell

(3 things)

Definition

-Irregular shape

-Cell membrane

-No cell wall

Term

Organelle

(3 things)

Definition

-Mini organ

-Enclosed by membranes

-compartmentalization

 

Term
Compartmentalization
Definition
Maintains chemical enviornments inside the organelle that are different from the enviornment of the rest of the cell
Term
Nuclear Envelope
Definition
2 membranes that surround the nucleus that contains nuclear pores
Term

Nucleus

(3 things)

Definition

-Large membrane enclosed structure

-contains most of the cells DNA

-Chromatin and Chromosomes

Term
Chromatin
Definition
DNA bound to protein
Term
Chromosomes
Definition
condensed to chromatin
Term
Nucleolus
Definition
Produces ribosomes
Term

Cytoplasm

(2 things)

Definition

-Portion of the cell outside the nucleus

-Consists of various organelles suspended in a fluid

Term

Mitochondrion

"Powerhouse of the cell"

(6 things)

Definition

-covert chemical energy into ATP

-energy currency of the cell

-enclosed by 2 membrane

-Enzymes&other molecules are embedded into the inner membrane

-Folds in the inner membrane increase the surface area where cellular respiration can occur

-Inherited from the cytoplasm of the egg

Term

Smooth ER

(2 things)

Definition

-Lacks ribosomes

-Makes lipid components of the cell membrane

Term

Rough ER

(3 things, 1 example)

Definition

-Synthesizes proteins for packaging in the Golgi and then export from the cell

-Vesicles carry proteins between compartments

-Has ribosomes on its surface that produce proteins that are inserted into the ER

(EXAMPLE: Salivary glands that secrete enzymes into your mouth  are rich in rough ER)

Term
Golgi apparatus
Definition

-Modifies, sorts and packages proteins for export

-Last stop before proteins are shipped out of the cell

-Series of flattened sacs

Term

Lysosome

(4 things)

Definition

-Small organelles filled with digestive enzymes

-Digestion of lipids,carbs, and proteins in to smaller molecules than can be used by the rest of the cell

-Break down organelles that have outlived their usefulness

-Fuse with incoming food vacuoles and expose the nutrients to enzymes that digest them

Term

Ribosomes

(4 things)

Definition

-Make proeins by translating the genetic code

-made of proteins&nucleic acid (rRNA)

-Found throughout the cytoplasm and attached to the ER

-Proteins made on the rough ER ribosomes are destined for transport out of the cell

Term
Vacuole
Definition
Store materials(water,salts, proteins, carbs)
Term

Central Vacuole in Plants

(4 things)

Definition

-Stores liquid to maintain pressure

-Stores chemicals such as salts and contributes to plant growth by absorbing water and causing cells to expand

-The ones in flower pedals may contain colorful pigments that attract pollinating insects

-In leaf cells, they may contain poisons that protect against plant-eating animals

Term
Contractile Vacuole in a Paramecium
Definition
Pumps excess water out of the cell
Term

Cell Wall

(4 things)

Definition

-Most are porous enough to allow gases and water through

-Provides support and protection

-Most are made of fibers of carbs and protein that are produced within the cell and then released

-cellulose

Term
Cellulose
Definition
Plant cell wall
Term

Chloroplast

(4 things)

Definition

-Plants and algae(photosynthesis)

-2 membranes enclose the chloroplasts

-Capture light energy and convert into chemical energy(glucose)

-Contain the pigment Chlorophyll

Term

Cytoskeleton

(5 things)

Definition

-Supporting structure

-Transportation System

-Network of protein filaments ,microfilaments,microtubles

-Helps a cell maintain its shape

-Helps the cell move

Term

Microfilaments

(3 things)

Definition

-Threadlike structures

-Made of a protein called actin

-For a tough, flexible framework that supports the cell

Term

Microtubles

(5 things)

Definition

-Hollow tube

-Made of proteins called tubulins

-Help to build projections from the cell(cilia,flagella)

-Form the mitotic spindle in cell division

-Form centrioles used in cell division

Term
Centriole
Definition
Located near the nucleus and help to organize cell division
Term

Cilia(Cilium)

(4 things, 1 example)

Definition

-Shorter and more numerous than flagella

-Contain bundles of microtubles

-Back and forth motion

-Can also extend our from stationary cells

EXAMPLE:Cells lining your windpipe have cilia that sweep mucas with trapped debris out of your lungs. This sweeping action helps keep you respiratory system clean and allows air to flow through it.

Term
Flagella(Flagellum)
Definition
Core of microtubles than enable some cells to move
Term
Pseudopod
Definition
Temporary projection of the cytoplasm (false foot) used by some protists for feeding or movement
Term

Extracellular Matrix

(3 things)

Definition

-Cement that connects cells

-Specialized structures like the insect exoskeleton,vertebrate skeleton, and moluscan shells are modified extracellualr matrices

-Components are synthesized within the  cell and secreted

Term

Endosymbiotic Theory

(remember evidence!)(5)

Definition

Mitochondria and chloroplast are descendents of anicent prokaryotes

Evidence:

-Contain their DNA(mtDNA) and ribosomes

-Their ribosomes are the same size and type as prokayotic ribosomes

-They contain a double membrane

-Most genes required for synthesis of mitochondrial proteins are located in the nucleus

-Mitochondrial DNA(mtDNA) is also required for mitochondrial biogenesis

Term

Ficilitated Diffusion

(4 things)

Definition

-Protein channels allow certain substances to pass through

-Substances diffuse through the channel with the concentration gradient (Hi to low)

-Channels can be specific for ions sugar,salt,or another substance

-Does not require ATP(energy)

Example: Red blood cells have a protein channel for glucose only

Term

Active Transport

(4 things)

Definition

-Protein transporters(pumps) are needed

-Usually the protein changes shape in the process (conformational change)

-Energy is required(ATP)

-Molecules(calcium,potassium,sodium) can move from low to high concentration

Term

Sodium Potassium Pump

(4 things)

Definition

-Muscle contraction, Nerve impulses sent

-3:2 ratio

-Resting State: 3 Sodium out  2 Potassium in

-Action State: 3 sodium in      2 Potassium out

Term

Plasma Membrane(cell membrane)

(3 things)

Definition

-Boundary of the cell

-Phospholipids bilayer

-Selective membrane that allwos only certain substances into the cell

Term
Fluid Mosaic Model
Definition
Membrane is fluid-like and proteins drift about freely in the plane of the membrane, much like "icebergs" floating in a "sea" of phospholipids
Term
What is embedded in the phospholipids cell membrane?
Definition
Proteins and glycoproteins (proteins that have carbs attatched)
Term
What is the role of proteins and glycoproteins in the phospholipid cell membrane?
Definition
They act as pumps or iron channels, receptor molecules, cell signaling molecules
Term

Osmosis

(2 things) (3 preventions)

Definition

-Diffusion of water through a semipermeable

-Osmotic pressure can destroy cells

-3 things to prevent this are

               1. cell wall

               2. pumping water

               3.bathing blood cells in blood

Term

 


 

Diffusion

(3 things)

Definition

-Passive transport-no energy expended

-Movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

-Movement from one side of a membrane to another un-facilitated

Term

Hypotonic Solution

(osmotic condition)

(2 things)

Definition

-Solute outside is lower than inside the cell

 

Water moves into the cell=CELL BURSTS

Term

Hypertonic Solution

(osmotic condition)

(2 things)

Definition

-Solute outside is greater than inside the cell

 

Water leaves the cell=CELL SHRINKS

Term

Isotonic

(osmotic condition)

(2 things)

Definition

-Both the solution and the cell have the same concentrations

 

EQUILIBRIUM is achieved

Term

Actions of a Sodium-Potassium Pump

(6 things)

(PUT IN ORDER)

Definition

1.Three sodium ions(Na+) bind to the sod. pot. pump

2.ATP phosphorylates the pump and is converted to ADP

3.Pump changes shape and released 3 sodium ions(Na+) outside the cell

4.Two potassium ions(K+) bind to the pump

5.K+ binding triggers the release of the phosphate and the pump reverts back to its original shape

6.Two potassium ions(Na+) are released inside the cell

Term
ATP is used to pump**1**out of the cell and **2**into the cell,unbalanced accumulations of**3** and **4** are needed for proper nerve functioning.
Definition

1.Na+ (sodium)

2.K+ (potassium)

3.Na+ (sodium)

4.K+ (potassium)

Term

Secondary Active Transport

(3 things)

(3 "ports")

Definition

-No ATP is used

-Transport is coupled to an electrochemical gradient

-3 types:

UNIPORT=single solute in;one direction

SYMPORT=2 solutes simultaneously;same direction

ANTIPORT=1 solute in& 1 solute out;opposite directions

Term

Endocytosis

(5 things)

Definition

-Taking things into the cell by folding of the cell membrane

-the infloding closes and breaks off the cell membrane forming a vacuoleorvesicle

-Clumps of food or even whole cells may be taken in this way

-Called phagocytosis when particles are very large

-Called pinocytosis when the pockets are very tiny

 

Term

Exocytosis

(3 things)

Definition

-the membrane of a vacuole of vesicle fuses with the cell membrane, forcing its contents outside the cell

-Cells use energy to expel material

-Vesicles are carried throughout the cell by motor proteins moving on cytoskeletal tracks

Term

Phagocytosis "cell eating"

(3 things)

Definition

-Extensions of the cytoplasm surround and engulf large particles

-Amoebas use this process to take in food and other materials

-Humans have a type of white blood cells called a phagocyte that uses phagocytosis to engulf foreign bacteria and viruses

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