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Cell Biology Chapter 1
Vocabulary: Chapter 1 BIO210
31
Biology
Undergraduate 2
08/23/2010

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Term
Prokaryote
Definition
Living organisms that lack a nucleus; make up the archaea and eubacteria domains of life
Term
Eukaryote
Definition
Living organisms that have a nucleus and cytoplasm; includes all other domains of life excluding archaea and bacteria and viruses.
Term
Archaea
Definition
A division of eukaryotes found in hostile environments (i.e. hot springs)
Term
Eubacteria
Definition
Proper term for common bacteria; distinguishes them from archaea
Term
Cell
Definition
Basic unit of life that living organisms are made of; consist of an aqueous solution of organic molecules surrounded by a membrane; cells increase in number by dividing
Term
Cell Membrane
Definition
Outer surface of the cell surrounding the cytoplasm; semipermeable; regulates what goes in and out of the cell
Term
Cell Wall
Definition
Fibrous layers deposited by a cell outside its own plasma membrane; found in most plants, bacteria, algae, and fungi; not found in most animal cells
Term
(Deoxyribonucleic Acid) DNA
Definition
Double-stranded polynucleotide; formed from two separate chains; the cell's genetic information that is transferred between generations
Term
Organelle
Definition
Division of a eukaryotic cell that has a specific function to carryout
Term
Mitochondria
Definition
An organelle whose function is the energy production
Term
Nucleus
Definition
The major organelle of a cell that organizes DNA into chromosomes
Term
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
Definition
Membrane-enclosed compartment of the cytoplasm in eukaryotic cells; where lipids and proteins are made
Term
Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)
Definition
A single-stranded (mostly) polynucleotide in the shape of a chain of linked ribonucleotide units; becomes synthesized when an RNA polymerase copies the sequence of DNA
Term
Ribosome
Definition
Composed of ribosomal RNAs and proteins that catalyze and synthesize proteins
Term
Chloroplast
Definition
Specialized organelle in algae and plants that have chlorophyll and where photosynthesis takes place
Term
Cytoplasm
Definition
The contents of the cell that are enclosed by the plasma membrane; or in eukaryotic cells, outside the nucleus
Term
Characteristics of all Living Organisms
Definition
Made up of Cells, ability to reproduce, grow, convert energy from one form to another, control their internal workings, and respond to their environment
Term
Protein
Definition
Made up of linear chains of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds in a specific sequence; each protein has a specific sequence and that makes it unique and determines its function
Term
Golgi Apparatus
Definition
A membrane bound organelle where the lipids and proteins made in eukaryotic cells are modified and sorted in order to transport to other areas
Term
Endosymbiont Theory
Definition
Organelles originated as separate prokaryotic organisms
Term
Endocytosis
Definition
The uptake of a material into a cell by an invagination of the plasma membrane and its internalization in a membrane-bounded vesicle
Term
Exocytosis
Definition
Process where molecules are secreted from a eukaryotic cell
Term
Genome
Definition
All of the genetic information carried by a cell or an organism
Term
Gene
Definition
Region of DNA that controls a discrete hereditary characteristic of an organism; responsible for specifying a single protein or RNA molecule
Term
Nucleotide
Definition
Nucleoside with a series of one or more phosphate groups joined by an ester linkage to the sugar part
Term
Guanine
Definition
A purine base
Term
Cytosine
Definition
A prymidine base
Term
Enzyme
Definition
A protein that catalyzes a specific chemical reaction
Term
Genus
Definition
The major subdivision of families in the classification of organisms
Term
Species
Definition
The major subdivision of genus in the classification of organisms
Term
Transmembrane Protein
Definition
Protein that expands the entire biological membrane
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