Term
| Where are mitochondrial and chloroplastal proteins synthesized? |
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Definition
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Term
| Mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own genomes (T/F) |
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Definition
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Term
| Mitochondria and chloroplasts transcribe and translate some genes within the organelle |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Numerous folds that form the inner membrane of the mitochondria |
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Term
| BLANK is transported to mitochondria for oxidation to CO2 |
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Definition
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Term
| Pyruvate (from glycolysis) is transported to the mitochondria for oxidation to BLANK |
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Definition
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Term
| Where is the principle site of ATP generation? |
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Definition
| Inner mitochondrial membrane |
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Term
| What metabolic process occurs in the mitochondria? |
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Definition
| Citric Acid Cycle and ETC |
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Term
| Inner mitochondrial membrane is protein-poor (T/F) |
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Definition
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Term
| What do most proteins in the inner mitochondrial membrane function to do? |
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Definition
| Oxidative phosphorylation and transport of metabolites |
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Term
| The inner mitochondrial membrane is (permeable/impermeable) to most ions and small molecules |
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Definition
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Term
| Why is it important that the inner mitochondrial membrane is impermeable? |
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Definition
| Functions to maintain proton gradient |
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Term
| The outer mitochondrial membrane is (permeable/impermeable) to small molecules |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Proteins that form channels to allow free diffusion of small molecules <1000 Da |
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Term
| Composition of the intermembrane space is similar to... |
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Definition
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Term
| Where would a density of mitochondria be located? |
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Definition
| Locations of high energy use such as synapses |
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Term
| Mitochondria are constantly fusing and dividing (T/F) |
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Definition
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Term
| Roles of fission and fusion |
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Definition
| Allows exchange of genetic material and regulation of susceptibility to autophagy |
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Term
| Characteristics of mitochondrial genomes |
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Definition
| Circular DNA molecules present in multiple copies/organelle (100-10,000 copies per cell) |
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Term
| Mitochondrial genomes encode a large number of proteins (T/F) |
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Definition
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Term
| The proteins encoded in mitochondrial DNA relate to... |
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Definition
| Oxidative phosphorylation |
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Term
| The human mitochondrial genome encodes how many proteins? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which base can pair with any of the 4 bases in the third codon position of mRNA |
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Definition
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Term
| How many codons are recognized by a single mitochondrial tRNA? |
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Definition
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Term
| Some codons specify different amino acids in mitochondria than in the universal code (T/F) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| 20-35 AA sequences that direct proteins to the mitochondrial matrix |
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Term
| Presequences are removed via |
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Definition
| Proteolytic cleavage via matrix processing peptidase (MPP) |
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Term
| Matrix processing peptidase (MPP) |
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Definition
| Cleaves presequence from protein in mitochondrial matrix |
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Term
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Definition
| Facilitate folding of proteins in the mitochondrial matrix |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Proteins are transferred from the BLANK complex to the BLANK complex during import into the mitochondria |
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Definition
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Term
| During oxidative phosphorylation electrons from BLANK and BLANK combine with O2 |
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Definition
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|
Term
| How many complexes make up the ETC? |
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Definition
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Term
| Complex BLANK does not yield free energy |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The mechanism of coupling electron transport and ATP generation |
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Term
| Proton gradient of mitochondrial matrix |
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Definition
| Hydrogens are actively pumped out of the intermembrane space to the matrix |
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Term
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Definition
| (Complex V) is a membrane spanning protein complex that couples the transport of H+s across the inner membrane to the synthesis of ATP |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Neuromuscular disease in which the muscle fibers do not function |
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Term
| How are chloroplasts similar to mitochondria? |
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Definition
| Both generate metabolic energy, evolved by endosymbiosis, contain their own genomes, replicate by division and have a double-envelope |
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Term
| Mitochondria are more complex than chloroplasts (T/F) |
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Definition
| False, chloroplasts are larger and more complex |
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|
Term
| What do chloroplasts synthesize? |
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Definition
| Carbohydrates, amino acids, fatty acids and lipid components of their own membranes |
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Term
|
Definition
| Compartment between envelope and thylakoid membranes |
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Term
|
Definition
| Inner lumen of chloroplasts |
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|
Term
| Transit peptide is cleaved by... |
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Definition
| Stromal processing peptidase |
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|
Term
| How many membranes do peroxisomes have? |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Metabolic enzymes present in peroxisomes |
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Term
| Peroxisomes are involved in BLANK type of reactions |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Peroxisomes often make BLANK but it is toxic |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Catalase functions to do what in peroxisomes? |
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Definition
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Term
| BLANK and BLANK initiate budding of new peroxisomes |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| A network of protein filaments extending throughout the cytoplasm of euk. cells |
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|
Term
| What is responsible for the movement of entire cells? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What can move internal organelles? |
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Definition
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Term
| 3 main types of protein filaments that make up the cytoskeleton |
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Definition
| Actin filaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments |
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Term
| How many genes do mammals have? |
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Definition
| 6: 4 expressed in muscle cells, and 2 in nonmuscle cells |
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|
Term
| Actin is very abundant (T/F) |
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Definition
| True - 5-10% of total protein |
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Term
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Definition
| Monomer with tight binding sites to mediate head=to-tail interactions |
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Term
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Definition
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|
Term
| Actin polymerization (is/is not) reversible |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| The loss of subunits from one end of actin or microtubule is balanced by their addition to the other end |
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Term
|
Definition
| Bind barbed end of actin and blocks elongation and prevents cell division |
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Term
|
Definition
| Binds actin filaments, prevents disassociation |
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Term
| (Barbed/pointed) end grows more rapidly than (Barbed/pointed) end |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What regulates the assembly and disassembly of actin filaments? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Functions of actin-binding proteins |
|
Definition
| Regulate actin via stabilization, cross-linking, promoting disassociation, and regulating ATP/ADP |
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Term
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Definition
| Rate-limiting step that requires correct alignment of the first three monomers in an actin filament |
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Term
| BLANK and BLANK determine where actin filaments are formed by facilitating nucleation |
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Definition
| Formin and Arp2/3 complex |
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Term
|
Definition
| Large barbed-end tracking proteins that nucleate initial actin monomers then move along growing filaments adding new monomers |
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Term
| Actin filaments branch in response to... |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Modular part of protein sequence that can evolve, function and exist independently from the rest of the chain |
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Term
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Definition
| When domains are swapped on a gene |
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|
Term
| What is responsible for the branching of actin filaments? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What does a cross-linking protein do? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Spaces parallel bundles of actin filaments |
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|
Term
| In what type of actin bundle are alpha-helical spacer domains found? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What make up cellular feet? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Focal adhesions/focal contacts |
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Definition
| Clusters of integrins with the internal components of the cytoskeleton |
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Term
| What attaches actin filaments to the plasma membrane? |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Fingerlike extensions, abundant on cells involved in absorbtion |
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|
Term
| What process are microvilli associated with? |
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Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Protein that interacts with actin as a molecular motor |
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Term
|
Definition
| Protein that converts ATP to generate force and movement |
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Term
| How many classes of myosin genes are there? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| How are muscle fibers formed |
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Definition
| Single large cell that is formed by the fusion of many individual cells during development |
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Term
|
Definition
| Cylindrical bundles of two types of filaments (thick filaments of myosin and thin filaments of actin) |
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|
Term
| Myofibrils have thick filaments of BLANK and thin filaments of BLANK |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Links actin to extracellular matrix to help maintain cell stability during muscular contraction |
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|
Term
| A lack of BLANK leads to Duchenne's and Becker's MD |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Chain of contractile units which is responsible for the striated appearance of skeletal and cardiac muscle |
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|
Term
| What is responsible for the striated appearance of skeletal and cardiac muscle? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What are sarcomeres composed of? |
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Definition
| Myosin and actin filaments |
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Term
|
Definition
| Very large protein consisting of two identical heavy chains and two pairs of light chains |
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Term
|
Definition
| Proteins including titin and nebulin that keep individual myofilaments at a constant length |
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Term
|
Definition
| Ruler proteins that keep myofilaments the same size |
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|
Term
| Types of contractile assemblies |
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Definition
| Stress fibers and adhesion belts |
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|
Term
| What myosins do not form filaments and are not involved in contraction? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Function of myosins I and V |
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Definition
| Variety of cellullar movements |
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Term
|
Definition
| Rigid hollow rods made up of tubulin that function both in determining cell shape and regulating cell movements |
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Term
|
Definition
| Dimerizes (alpha and beta) to form microtubules |
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|
Term
| Which end grows on a microtubule (plus or minus)? |
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Definition
| Plus end (Minus end does not grow) |
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|
Term
| Microtubules can undergo rapid cycles of assembly and disassembly (T/F) |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| BLANK bound to beta-tubulin is hydrolyzed to BLANK shortly after polymerization |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Tubulin is related to ?TP |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The microtubule-organizing center in animal cells |
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Term
|
Definition
| Forms ring shaped complex that acts as a seed for rapid microtubule growth, bypassing nucleation step |
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Term
| Why does gamma tubulin increase the rate of microtubule growth? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cyclindrical structures necessary to form basal bodies, cilia and flagella, and to help coordinate the cell cycle |
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|
Term
| What cellular movements are microtubules responsible for? |
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Definition
| Intracellular transport, positioning of membrane vesicles and organelles, separation of chromosomes at mitosis and the beating of cilia and flagella |
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Term
|
Definition
| Motor proteins that move along microtubules towards the plus end |
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Term
| What end of the microtubule do kinesins move towards (plus/minus)? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Motor proteins that move along microtubules towards the minus end |
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|
Term
| What end of the microtubule do dyneins move towards (plus/minus) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the major roles of microtubules? |
|
Definition
| Transport macromolecules, membrane vesicles and organelles through the cytoplasm |
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