Term
|
Definition
| 1) undifferentiated; 2) self-renewing; 3) asymmetric replication (one to differentiated pathway) |
|
|
Term
| Environmental asymmetry factors (2) |
|
Definition
| Morphigins, retinoic acid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Asymmetric separation of organelles? |
|
|
Term
| Immortal strand hypothesis |
|
Definition
| Conservative replication and stem cell keeps both DNA strands |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Placental & embryonic tissues |
|
|
Term
| Cells that are totipotent (2) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Embryonic stem cells: toti-, pluri-, mult- or unipotent |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Adult stem cells: toti-, pluri-, or mult- or unipotent |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Spermatagonial stem cells: toti-, pluri-, or mult- or unipotent |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Support cells for culturing embryonic stem cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Spheroid of embryonic stem cells that do not need feeder layer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Benign tumor with random differentiation |
|
|
Term
| Adult stem cells characteristics (4) |
|
Definition
| 1) undifferentiated; 2) Self-renewing; 3) defined by function not location/age; 4) tissue maintenance/repair |
|
|
Term
| First adult stem cells identified |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hematopoietic stem cells produce |
|
Definition
| Progenitor cells with limited divisions |
|
|
Term
| Steps of cell differentiation (3) |
|
Definition
| 1) Stem cell; 2) transit-amplifying cells; 3) terminally differentiated cells |
|
|
Term
| KIT receptor causes _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Constitituively active KIT receptors can lead to _____ |
|
Definition
| Gastrointestinal stromal tumors |
|
|
Term
| Embryonic stem cell advantages (4) |
|
Definition
| 1) Immortal; 2) easy to extract; 3) pluripotent; 4) Readily available |
|
|
Term
| Embryonic stem cell disadvantages (5) |
|
Definition
| 1) Difficult to control; 2) immune rejection; 3) teratomas; 4) unknown germline mutations; 5) legal/ethical issues |
|
|
Term
| Adult stem cell advantages (4) |
|
Definition
| 1) Bone marrow availability; 2) partially differentiated; 3) autograftable; 4) no tumors (yet) |
|
|
Term
| Adult stem cell disadvantages (5) |
|
Definition
| 1) Limited longevity; 2) difficult to find; 3) not pluripotent; 4) scarcer with age; 5) questionable quality |
|
|
Term
| Mesenchymal stem cells produce what cell lines (4) |
|
Definition
| Cartilage, bone, fat, muscle |
|
|
Term
| Hematopoietic stem cells produce what cell lines |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Space between nuclear envelope membranes |
|
|
Term
| Goes into nucleus through pore (2) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Goes out of nucleus through pore (2) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Prevents stuff from switching membranes (at pore) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Transfer rate through pore |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Free diffusion through pores (2 examples) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Nuclear localization signal (NLS) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Tag on cargo indicating receptor-mediated active transport |
|
Definition
| Nuclear localization signal (NLS) |
|
|
Term
| Higher [Ran-GTP]/[Ran-GDP]: cytosol or nucleus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Higher [Ran-GDP]/[Ran-GTP]: cytosol or nucleus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Converts Ran-GTP to Ran-GDP |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Converts Ran-GDP to Ran-GTP |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ran-GAP location: cytosol or nucleus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ran-GEF location: cytosol or nucleus |
|
Definition
| Nucleus (specifically: perinuclear heterochromatin) |
|
|
Term
| Nuclear import receptor loses cargo when |
|
Definition
| Ran-GTP is added by Ran-GEFed5 |
|
|
Term
| Nuclear export receptor loses cargo when |
|
Definition
| Ran-GTP is removed by Ran-GAP |
|
|
Term
| Nuclear import receptor gains cargo when |
|
Definition
| In cytosol after Ran-GDP removed by Ran-GAP |
|
|
Term
| Nuclear export receptor gains cargo when |
|
Definition
| Ran-GTP is added by Ran-GEF in nucleus |
|
|
Term
| Glucocorticoid receptors are _______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Glucocorticoids bind to receptors that reveal a ______ |
|
Definition
| Nuclear localization signal (NLS) |
|
|
Term
| Nuclear pores are only made during |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Aging of nuclear pores can lead to |
|
Definition
| Neurodegenerative diseases |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| mRNA transport requires (2) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Transport of mRNA before being spliced is prevented by |
|
Definition
| Absence of 5' cap and poly-A tail required for RNA transport |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Inner nuclear membrane and perinuclear heterochromatin |
|
|
Term
| Lamins are polymerized when they are: dephosphorylated or phosphorylated |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lamins are not polymerized when they are: dephosphorylated or phosphorylated |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cytosolic proteins are kept out of the nucleus when it is reformed in late telophase by the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome |
|
Definition
| SNP with null mutation -> cryptic splicing -> shortened protein |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Fibrillar structure that contacts lamina, pores, & chromatin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Organize subnuclear structures containing transcription & splicing factors |
|
|
Term
| Nucleolus has a membrane: yes or no |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Components of nucleolus (3) |
|
Definition
| Loops of DNA, rRNAs, lots of proteins (500+ and 80+ ribosomal proteins) |
|
|
Term
| Location of assembly of ribosomes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Synthesize rRNA; assembly ribosomes; store transcription factors |
|
|
Term
| Zero nucleoli indicates (2) |
|
Definition
| Metaphase or anaphase of mitosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| End of G1 through start of mitosis (including S phase) |
|
|
Term
| Many nucleoli indicates (3) |
|
Definition
| Prophase, telophase, start of G1 |
|
|
Term
| Large single nucleolus indicates |
|
Definition
| Metabolically active cell |
|
|
Term
| Small single nucleolus indicates |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Transcription factors are stored in nucleolus by |
|
Definition
| Inactivating them with proteins until released post-differentiation |
|
|
Term
| Chromosome requirements (3) |
|
Definition
| 1) Replication origin; 2) centromere; 3) telomere |
|
|
Term
| Telomerase in high concentration in: somatic or stem cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| High concentration of telomerase effects (2) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 11 nm chromatin fiber made from |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 30 nm chromatin fiber made from |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Loops of 30 nm chromatin fiber held together by |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Condense chromatin further |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 10% of genome: heterochromatin or euchromatin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 90% of genome: heterochromatin or euchromatin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Highly condensed chromatin: heterochromatin or euchromatin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Loosely folded chromatin: heterochromatin or euchromatin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Transcriptionally inactive: heterochromatin or euchromatin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Possibly transcriptionally active: heterochromatin or euchromatin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Relaxed chromatin is transcriptionally: active or inactive |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Condensed chromatin is transcriptionally: active or inactive |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| DNA methylation: relaxes or condenses chromatin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Histone acetylation: relaxes or condenses chromatin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| H3 kinase mutation: mental retardation, skeletal abnormalities |
|
|
Term
| Locus control region (LCR) |
|
Definition
| Sequence for global control of correct expression patterns and levels |
|
|
Term
| DNase hypersensitivity assay (3 steps) |
|
Definition
| 1) Treat with DNase; 2) treat with restriction enzymes; 3) Southern blot or PCR |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| CTG repeat in DMPK (DM protein kinase): toxic RNA causing Cl- channel hyperexcitability |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sequestration of transcription or splicing factors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| MyoD is a ____ that induces ____ |
|
Definition
| Transcription factor; myogenesis |
|
|
Term
| Master regulators of cell differentiation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Homedomains are conserved in what ways (3) |
|
Definition
| 1) Sequence; 2) spatial expression; 3) functions |
|
|
Term
| Tamoxifen is a ____ receptor: agonist or antagonist |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Retinoic acid (3 functions) |
|
Definition
| 1) inhibits cell growth (skin & breast cancer; leukemia); 2) acne as Accutane; 3) enables Hox genes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Inhibits bacterial RNA polymerases |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Inhibits RNA polymerases (non-selective) |
|
|
Term
| Tuberculosis treated with |
|
Definition
| Rifampicin (and streptomycin) |
|
|
Term
| Bacterial ribosome inhibitor |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Bacterial ribosome inhibitor |
|
|
Term
| Mammalian & bacterial ribosome inhibitor |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mammalian & bacterial ribosome inhibitorki |
|
|
Term
| Fragile X syndrome is a triplet repeat of ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fragile X syndrome affects what gene |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pre-mutation Fragile X syndrome is called |
|
Definition
| FXTAS: Fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome |
|
|
Term
| FXTAS is a ___ of function: gain or loss |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| POI is a ____ of function: gain or loss |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fragile X is a ____ of function: gain or loss |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Premature Ovarian Insufficiency does (2) |
|
Definition
| 1) Premature menopause; 2) hormonal imbalances |
|
|
Term
| Fragile X has FMR1 that is ____ that prevents transcription |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| FXTAS & POI function through what |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Needed iPS transcription factors (3) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Homeodomain transcription factor for iPS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| HMG transcription factor for iPS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Homeodomain transcription factor for iPS |
|
|
Term
| Oct4/Sox2/Nanog activate ____ and repress ____ |
|
Definition
| Own promoters; cell differentiation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Promotes proliferation (oncogene) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Tumor suppressor; less causes proliferation |
|
|
Term
| Which can be found in cancers: Oct4, Sox2, Myc |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which transdifferentiation is easier: inter- or intra- lineage |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Can iPS cells from and given to the same animal be immunogenic: yes or no |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Phospholipid heads are: hydrophilic or hydrophobic |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Phospholipid tails are: hydrophilic or hydrophobic |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1) Phospholipids; 2) proteins; 3) cholesterol |
|
|
Term
| Cholesterol has one polar group |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cholesterol ratio to phospholipid molecules |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cholesterol percentage of membrane lipids |
|
Definition
| 20% of lipids is cholesterol by weight |
|
|
Term
| Membrane protein functions (5) |
|
Definition
| 1) Transporters; 2) signal transduction; 3) receptors; 4) structural stability; 5) cell function |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sugar coat of cell membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1) Protection; 2) cell-cell recognition/interaction; 3) binds antigens; 4) binds enzymes; 5) extra-cellular matrix attachment |
|
|
Term
| Common vector for entering cells by pathogens |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Caveolae (and 2 functions) |
|
Definition
| Invaginations -> endocytic vesicles & open/close neck to change surface area |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Flip phospholipd to inner membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Flip phospholipd to outer membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Asymmetry of membrane (2) |
|
Definition
| 1) Asymmetry of proteins; 2) asymmetry of phospholipds by flippases, floppases, & scrambelases |
|
|
Term
| Phosphatidylinositol can relay signals in 2 ways |
|
Definition
| 1) PI3K to dock protein to relay signal; 2) phospholipase C detaches IP3 to relay signal |
|
|
Term
| Increase membrane fluidity with ____ in temperature: increase or decrease |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Increase membrane fluidity with ____ in fatty acid saturation: increase or decrease |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cholesterol in membrane has 2 functions |
|
Definition
| 1) pushes apart phospholipds; 2) restricts phospholipd rotation |
|
|
Term
| Hydrophobic molecules cross membrane easily: yes or no |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Transporters/carriers: bind specific or let pass through |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Channels: bind specific or let pass through |
|
Definition
| Let molecules pass through that fit |
|
|
Term
| Transporters: active or passive transport |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Channels: active or passive transport |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Diffusion: flux and permeability: proportional or inversely |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Diffusion: flux and area: proportional or inversely |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Diffusion: flux and concentration difference: proportional or inversely |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Diffusion: flux and diffusion coefficient: proportional or inversely |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Diffusion: flux and diffusion distance: proportional or inversely |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Increased hydrophobicity: increases or decreases diffusion permeability |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Increased solute size: increases or decreases diffusion permeability |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Decreased solute size: increases or decreases diffusion permeability |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Decreased hydrophobicity: increases or decreases diffusion permeability |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Increase membrane thickness: increases or decreases diffusion permeability |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Decrease membrane thickness: increases or decreases diffusion permeability |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Small hydrophobic solutes have: highest or lowest permeabilities |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Facilitated diffusion: active or passive transport |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Facilitated diffusion: faster or slower than simple diffusion (assume non-saturation) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which is faster: ion channels or active transporters |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Types of active transporters (2) |
|
Definition
| 1) Coupled; 2) ATP-driven |
|
|
Term
| Active transport where both move in same direction |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Active transport where each moves in opposite direction |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Na+/K+ is what kind of transporter (include direction) |
|
Definition
| Primary active transporter; antiporter |
|
|
Term
| Na+/glucose is what kind of transporter (include direction) |
|
Definition
| Secondary active transporter; symporter |
|
|
Term
| Na+/Ca++ is what kind of transporter (include direction) |
|
Definition
| Secondary active transporter; antiporter |
|
|
Term
| Multidrug resistance (MDR) protein |
|
Definition
| Over-expressed to export drugs; 40% of cancers have MDR upregulation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mutation in CTFR: an ABC member |
|
|
Term
| Osmosis: flow and reflection coefficient: proportional or inversely |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Osmosis: flow and hydraulic coefficient: proportional or inversely |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Osmosis: flow and osmotic pressure difference: proportional or inversely |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Osmotic pressure: pressure and osmotic coefficient: proportional or inversely |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Osmotic pressure: pressure and number of ions formed: proportional or inversely |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Osmotic pressure: pressure and molar concentration of solute: proportional or inversely |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Increasing molar concentration of solute: increase or decrease osmotic pressure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1 mole of solute particles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| # of osmoles per liter of solution |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| # of osmoles per kg of solvent |
|
|
Term
| 300 mOsm/L is: hypotonic, isotonic, hypertonic |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 200 mOsm/L is: hypotonic, isotonic, hypertonic |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 400 mOsm/L is: hypotonic, isotonic, hypertonic |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ion channel conductance increases with increase in probability of being open: yes or no |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| States of ion channels (3) |
|
Definition
| Open, inactivated, closed |
|
|
Term
| Gating of ion channels (4) |
|
Definition
| Voltage, ECF ligand, ICF ligand, mechanical |
|
|
Term
| Nicotonic receptor is what kind of ion channel (gating) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Voltage developed from ions having different diffusion rates |
|
|
Term
| Potassium: electrical gradient: inward or outward |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Potassium: chemical gradient: inward or outward |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sodium: electrical gradient: inward or outward |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sodium: chemical gradient: inward or outward |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Calcium: electrical gradient: inward or outward |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Calcium: chemical gradient: inward or outward |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Chloride: electrical gradient: inward or outward |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Chloride: chemical gradient: inward or outward |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Potassium: electrochemical gradient: inward or outward |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sodium: electrochemical gradient: inward or outward |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Calcium: electrochemical gradient: inward or outward |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Chloride: electrochemical gradient: inward or outward |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Makes membrane potential more negative |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Makes membrane potential less negative |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Makes membrane more negative after depolarization |
|
|
Term
| What channel relates to cystic fibrosis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What channel relates to myotonia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What channel relates to epilepsey (2) |
|
Definition
| Sodium or potassium ion channels |
|
|
Term
| What channel realtes to hypokalemic periodic paralysis and malignant hyperthermia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Myelin: increases or decreases conduction velocity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Increasing axon diameter: increases or decreases conduction velocity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Rapid self-propagating electrical excitation across a membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Result of membrane becoming more permeable to certain ions |
|
|
Term
| Threshold (of excitable membranes) |
|
Definition
| The membrane potential in which an action potential occurs |
|
|
Term
| Resting membrane potential is approximately |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Resting membrane potential is near the equilibrium potential for what ion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Threshold is approximately |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Action potential upstroke is due mainly to what ion; what direction of current flow |
|
Definition
| Na; inward [from ECG to cytosol] |
|
|
Term
| Tetrodotoxin blocks what channels; prevents what from happening |
|
Definition
| Voltage-gated Na channels; prevents action potentials |
|
|
Term
| Action potential repolarization is due mainly to what ion; what direction of current flow |
|
Definition
| K; outward [from cytosol to ECF] |
|
|
Term
| Action potential hyperpolarization is due mainly to what ion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Absolute refractory period due to what channels in what state |
|
Definition
| Voltage-gated Na channels in an inactivated state |
|
|
Term
| Action potentials: increasing axon diameter increases or decreases conduction velocity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Action potentials: myelination increases or decreases conduction velocity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Action potentials: decreasing axon diameter increases or decreases conduction velocity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Advantages of myelination (2) |
|
Definition
| 1) 100x increase in conduction velocity; 2) conservation of energy |
|
|
Term
| Myelination produces action potentials that are _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Multiple sclerosis is a _____ disease |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Autoimmune that interferes with ACh receptors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Neostigmine treats what disease |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Myasthenia gravis treated with what |
|
Definition
|
|
