Term
| bulk mechanical properties |
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Definition
density
modulus
damping
yield strength
tensile strength
hardness
compressive strength
shear strength
bending and torsional strength
fracture toughness
fatigue strength
thermal fatigue resistance
creep strength
impact strength |
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Term
| bulk non-mechanical properties |
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Definition
thermal properties
optical properties
magnetic properties
electrical properties
chemical properties
acoustical properties |
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Term
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Definition
oxidation and corrosion
fraction
abrasion
wear |
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Term
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Definition
ease of manufacture
fabrication
joining
finishing |
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Term
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Definition
ratio between the change in length and the original length (delta L /L)
dimensionless(in/in) |
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Term
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Definition
measure of a force acting on a unit area
sigma= force/(cross sectional area)
compression
tension
axial/normal
direct
shearing
bending/flexural |
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Term
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Definition
| tao=shear load/(original cross sectional area) |
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Term
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Definition
gamma=change in angle alpha + change in angle Beta
shear deformation/unit length |
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Term
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Definition
v=lateral strain/axial strain
change in deformation is proportional laterally and axiallly |
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Term
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Definition
relative measure of deformability of a material under a load
measure in terms of modulus of elasticity |
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Term
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Definition
| ability to retain length, volume or form after the load is applied and removed |
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Term
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Definition
| maximum stress below which a material will fully recover its original form upon the removal of applied forces |
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Term
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Definition
| maximum stress below which the ratio between stress and strain is constant (elastic modulus) |
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Term
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Definition
limit of elasticity
the stress is constant but the material is stretching without increase in the load
point at which the material yields |
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Term
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Definition
| largest value of stress that can be applied before fracture of the material |
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Term
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Definition
| plastic strain + elastic strain = yield strain |
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Term
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Definition
elastic modulus
MOE in tension, compression and shear
ratio of stress to strain below proportional limit
Youngs modulus= compression or tension |
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Term
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Definition
MOE differs between tension and compression
eg. rubber & biological materials |
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Term
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Definition
| MOE in tension and compression the same |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
allows material to undergo change of form without breaking
wrought iron, steel, copper |
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Term
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Definition
% elongation of fracture
% change in cross sectional area |
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Term
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Definition
| (final length-original length) / original length x 100 |
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Term
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Definition
negligible plasticity, easily fractures
concrete, mortar, brick, glass |
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Term
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Definition
ability to hold loads even after yielding or crack formation
area under entire stress-strain diagram |
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Term
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Definition
surface property
resistance to indentation or scratching |
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Term
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Definition
| viscous like a liquid but is elastic like a solid |
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Term
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Definition
time dependent response
elastic strain, rebound and recovery
may not return to zero |
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Term
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Definition
| relaxation of stress over time. |
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Term
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Definition
| a granular material such as sand, gravel, crushed stone or iron blasted furnace slag use with a cementing medium to form mortar, concrete used as a base course or railroad ballast |
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Term
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Definition
natural or manufactured particles .006in (150mm) to 3/16in(4.75mm)
sand |
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Term
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Definition
rounded river gravel, crushed stone and manufactured aggregate
size range >3/16 in |
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Term
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Definition
natural rounded aggregate larger than 1/4 in to 1.5 in
occasionally 2.5-3in |
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Term
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Definition
| a fine aggregate made by crushing gravel |
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Term
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Definition
for protection against nuclear radiation ie bomb shelters/nuclear reactors
specific gravity-4.4-7
2400kg/m^3 to 6400kg/m^3 |
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Term
| types of heavy weight aggregates |
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Definition
magnetite
barite
iron shot or scrap iron |
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Term
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Definition
crushed stone, gravel & sand for asphalt concretes & roadway subbase
most useful in most applications
1520kg/m^3-1680kg/m^3
specific gravity 2.6-2.65 |
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Term
| natural types of normal weight aggregates |
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Definition
| sand, gravel, crushed rock, granite, quartzite, syenite, basalt, sandstone & limestone |
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Term
| artificial types of normal weight aggregates |
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Definition
| broken brick, pulverized concrete, air-cooled blast furnace slag, silicates & aluminates of calcium |
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Term
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Definition
shipping containers and sound barriers
light weight concretes, roof slabs or floors
880kg/m^3-1120kg/m^3 |
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Term
| natural types of light weight aggregates |
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Definition
pumice(volcanic glass, whitish grey to yellow, brown red/black porous)
volcanic scoria(large pores, red & black color)
sawdust, wood shavings, asbestos |
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Term
| artificial types of light weight aggregates |
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Definition
| furnace clinker, furnaced slag, expanded clay, shale slate, perlite, sintered shale, clay, pulverized fuel ash, vermiculite |
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Term
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Definition
| mixture of several minerals |
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Term
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Definition
| igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic and minerals |
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Term
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Definition
| naturally occurring chemical element or compound with a definite crystalline structure and distinctive physical properties |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
feldspars
quartz
kaolinite
muscovite
calcite |
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Term
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Definition
formed by cooling and melting of molten magma
earths crust contains ~90%
granites, masalts, pumice, scoria, rhyolite
potassium aluminum silicates
sodium aluminum silicates
calcium aluminum silicates and quarts |
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Term
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Definition
formed by accumulation or deposity of fragments with consolidation
earths crust contains ~5%, exposed ~75%
transported by water, ice and wind
sandstone, limestone, shales, quartz, shales and clays, silts |
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Term
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Definition
metamorphosis of sedimentary/igneous by head and/or pressure
schist, greiss, slate & marble (not structural) |
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Term
| surface texture properties |
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Definition
glassy
smooth
granular
rough
crystalline
honeycomb
porous |
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Term
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Definition
rounded
irregular
flake
angular
enlongated |
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Term
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Definition
material that will mix with portland cement that results in volume change, cracking, retarding time, etc.
virus, bacteria, algae |
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Term
| moisture condition of aggregates |
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Definition
oven dry
saturated surface drying (SSD)
air dry
wet |
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Term
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Definition
| all moisture driven out of pores by the temp of ~110degreesC dried to constant weight for minimum 24 hours |
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Term
| saturated surface drying (SSD) |
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Definition
all pores are filled with water but there is no moisture on the outside surface
amount of absorbed h2o |
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Term
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Definition
moisture more than oven dry & less than SSD
some pores filled with water, some with air |
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Term
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Definition
| excess moisture remains on the surface |
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Term
| moisture content equation |
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Definition
weight of moisture/oven dry weight x 100
(original sample weight-oven dry weight) / oven dry weight x 100 |
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Term
| bulk density/specific weight |
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Definition
mass in oven dry condition
volume=solid volume + void volume
most mineral aggregates 95-105 pcf
mass of unit volume at specific temperature |
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Term
| apparent specific gravity |
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Definition
density of particles based on solid volume / density of h2o
depends on temperature |
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Term
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Definition
density of particles based on solid volume and pore volume/ density of h2o
depends on temperature |
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Term
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Definition
amount of air space in aggregate or space between particles
total volume-solid volume |
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Term
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Definition
% of gross volume
% (solid volume+ volume of voids) |
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Term
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Definition
(specific gravity*density h2o-bulk density)/(specific gravity * density h2o)x100
average between 30% & 50% |
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Term
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Definition
volume of pores/ total volume of particles
granite & limestone ~1%
sandstone ~3%
some limestone/sandstone ~13%-30% |
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Term
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Definition
(SSD weight-oven dry weight)/ oven dry weight x 100
weight absorbed by OD to SSD = max water absorbed
indicator of quality |
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Term
| tangent and secant modulus of elasticity |
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Definition
| taking the tangent and secant on the MOE graph to find the best numerical value for MOE |
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Term
| compressive strength for aggregate vs concrete |
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Definition
| compressive strength of aggregate is stronger than compressive strength of concretes containing that aggregate |
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Term
| abrasion resistance and wear resistance |
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Definition
| determines the suitability for roads and pavement |
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Term
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Definition
| mechanical wearing and scraping of rocks surfaces by friction, impact or both |
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Term
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Definition
measure of resistance to fracture under applied loading, slow loading or impact loading
limestone < sandstone/granite |
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Term
gradation of aggregates
define |
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Definition
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Term
| properties of gradation of aggregates |
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Definition
mix proportions
workability
economy
porosity
durability
shrinkage of final project |
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Term
| aggregates in concrete for highway construction |
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Definition
| MUST be clean, hard, strong, durable, free of chemicals and fine material coatings, non reactive to other materials of construction |
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Term
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Definition
| determining particle size distribution |
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Term
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Definition
| process of combining aggregates to obtain a specified grading |
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Term
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Definition
packing of materials together voids between packed particles are small
minimum amount of cement required |
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Term
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Definition
| voids between packed particles are large |
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Term
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Definition
| one or more intermediate sizes are missing |
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Term
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Definition
apparatus with square openings
8 in diameter to 203 mm |
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Term
| standard course aggregate sieves |
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Definition
| No. 4, 3/8, 1/2, 3/4, 1, 1.5, 2 inches |
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Term
| standard fine aggregate sieves |
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Definition
No. 100, 50, 30, 16, 8, 4
removes dust |
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Term
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Definition
| measure of average particle size |
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Term
| effective size or ten 10% size |
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Definition
| D10; D30; D60- particle diameter in which x% weight of aggregate is finer in size |
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Term
| coefficient of uniformity (Cu) |
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Definition
steepness of grading curve
=D60/D10
well graded soil Cu>+-5 |
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Term
| coefficient of curvature (Cc) |
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Definition
shape of central portion of curve
=D30^2/(D10*D60) |
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Term
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Definition
| smallest sieve opening through which the entire sample passes |
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Term
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Definition
smallest sieve into which most (not all) passes through
~5% may be retained in sieve |
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Term
Amorphous Materials
define
examples |
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Definition
materials with atoms arranged almost randomly, not crystalline- strong but brittle
soot, glass |
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Term
brittle materials
define
examples |
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Definition
little or no elongation or increase in length at fracture
cast iron, concrete and glass |
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Term
cementitious materials
define
examples |
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Definition
materials in which the principle binder is portland cement or other cement-porous
concrete, mortar, grout |
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Term
ceramic materials
define
examples |
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Definition
materials based on clay, crystalline, brittle, non conductors and can withstand high temperatures, mostly elastic. used for insulation
glass, cement, stone, brick |
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Term
composite materials
define
examples |
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Definition
two or more materials are combined on a macroscopic level resulting in elements.
paper, reinforced concrete, reinforced polymers, wood |
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Term
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Definition
| materials with the ability to deform under a load without permanent deformation up to the elastic limit |
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Term
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Definition
a polymer with elastic properties that can be stretched large amounts
latex and synthetic rubber |
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