Term
|
Definition
| The Flow of speech production |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-rate
-rhythm
-smoothness
-effort
-automaticity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Disruption of flow of speech |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A Speech disorder characterized by high rates of stoppages/ interruptions that disrupt the flow of speech |
|
|
Term
| Requirements for having a fluency disorder |
|
Definition
| One needs 3 or more stuttering like deficiencies per 100 words |
|
|
Term
| Core (Primary) Features of Stuttering |
|
Definition
-monosyllabic word repetitions
-part word repetitions
-sound prolongations
-blocks |
|
|
Term
| Secondary Features of Stuttering |
|
Definition
Anything that results from having the core features of stuttering.
EX: Eye blinking, fist clenching, embarrassment |
|
|
Term
| 4 most common secondary features of stuttering |
|
Definition
-eye blinks
-lip trends
-head jerks
-attitudes (embarrassment) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-1% of the population stutter
-3 million Americans currently stutter |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 5% of people over their lifetime have had stuttering issues for 6 months or more |
|
|
Term
| Gender Distribution and Stuttering |
|
Definition
-At onset, 3 boys to 1 Girl Stutter
-At Adolescence, 2 boys to 1 Girl Stutter (or continue to stutter) |
|
|
Term
| Family History and Stuttering |
|
Definition
| 60-70% of those who stutter have positive family histories for stuttering |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 4 years past onset of stuttering, 75% of people recover from it |
|
|
Term
| How can disfluencies occur with normal communication? |
|
Definition
Saying "Um" or "like", choppy speech
EX: "She was, um, going to go to the house- no the mall, um, on friday." |
|
|
Term
| Characterizing stuttering |
|
Definition
| Characterized by specific types of disfluencies and their rate of occurence |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Breaking up a word with a stop/ disfluency
EX: I was going to the bath-um-room |
|
|
Term
| Between-word disfluencies |
|
Definition
Breaking up sentences with disfluencies
EX: I was going to, um, the, um, bathroom |
|
|
Term
| Predisposing Factors of Stuttering |
|
Definition
-Constitutional Factors that increase susceptibility of stuttering
-EX: Gender, genetics |
|
|
Term
| Precipitating Factors of Stuttering |
|
Definition
-Developmental and environmental factors that can worsen stuttering
-EX: age, stress |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Teaching a person to "stutter Better", or more fluently
-Use easy voice onsets and light articulatory contacts (easy words and light talking) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Teaching a person to speak without stuttering at all
-Reconstructing their speech production entirely |
|
|
Term
| Voicing is also called...? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Carries Words
-Reflects Personality
-Reveals Physical State
-Adds meaning to a message |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sound produced by vibration of vocal folds |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Shaping sound by vibration of air in cavities of head and neck |
|
|
Term
| What is the driving for to speech? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The inhalation of air into the lungs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The exhalation of air out of the lungs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Its the voice organ
-Made up of adams apple, muscles, and 9 cartilages |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
When the vocal folds are together and closed, in order for voice/speech
-You CAN talk during adduction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
When the vocal folds are apart in order for breathing
-You CANNOT talk during abduction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Quality of voicing is made up of: |
|
Definition
-Breathy
-hoarseness
-hypernasals
-hyponasals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Abnormal Production or absence of vocal quality, pitch, and loudness, given an individuals age and gender |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Major Symptoms of Voice Problems |
|
Definition
-Hoarseness
-vocal fatigue
-breathy voice
-reduced range
-aphonia
-etc |
|
|
Term
| Classifying a voice disorder |
|
Definition
-vocal abuse
-neurogenic voice disorder
-psychogenic voice disorder |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Chronic over/under use of vocal apparatus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-smoking
-coughing/throat clearing
-using caffeine products
-talking in noisy/ loud enviroments |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Small bilateral growths on vocal folds, made from vocal abuse |
|
|
Term
| Average vocal vibration for women |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Average Vocal Vibration for men |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-lighter, softer voice
-breathy phonation
-more inflection in your voice |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many times does the average person swallow in a day |
|
Definition
| Atleast 600, on average it is 600-2000 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-oral preparatory
-oral
-Pharyngeal
-Esophageal |
|
|
Term
| Oral Preparatory Phase of Swallowing |
|
Definition
| When you put the food in your mouth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-The tongue propels the bolus back
-Breathing occurs during this phase |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Pushes bolus from back to mouth back up to the epiglottis
-Reflex phase of swallowing
-No breathing occurs! vocal folds are closed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| something has gone into your airway and into your lungs while your in the pharngeal phase of swallowing. The bolus is blocking your away and the result is choking |
|
|
Term
| 2 protective mechanisms against aspiration |
|
Definition
1. Reflexive cough (to prevent choking)
2. Vocal folds close to block airway |
|
|
Term
| 2 main parts of a Bedside Swallow Evaluation |
|
Definition
-oral examination
-feeding trials |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Testing for a swallowing disorder, it is when you see what happens when patients are given different amounts and textures of foods |
|
|
Term
| Instrumental Dysphagia Evaluations |
|
Definition
-Fiberoptic endoscopic examination of swallowing (FEES)
-Videoflouroscopy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Control over muscular coordination involved in producing speech |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An impairment of speech production caused by defects of the neuromuscular system, the motor control system, or both. |
|
|
Term
| Systems of Speech Production |
|
Definition
-Central/Peripheral Nervous Systme
-Respiratory System
-Phonatory System
-Articulatory System
-Resonatory System |
|
|
Term
| Motor Planning and Programming |
|
Definition
-When your brain is figuring out what to say
Defining and sequencing articulatory goals, and preparing flow of motor info across muscles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -Activating the necessary muscles to speak |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| motor planning and programming impairment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Cluster of speech disorders
- A motor execution impariment |
|
|
Term
| Characteristics of Apraxia of Speech |
|
Definition
-Automatic speech fine, voluntary speech impaired
-inconsistent errors
-sound subsitutions/ distortions
-errors of complication (making a word more complicated than it is)
-articulatory grouping |
|
|
Term
| Characteristics of Dysarthria |
|
Definition
-slowed, slurred, overly harsh/quiet speech
-errors more consistent than apraxia
-errors of simplification (making a word simpler because they cannot produce full word) |
|
|
Term
| Assessment and Treatment of Motor Speech Disorders |
|
Definition
-Evaluating all speech systems
-Goal of treatment is to target all effected systems, and increase speech intelligibility |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Language disorder that occurs after language has been learned
-Effects all language modalities |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Strokes (#1 cause)
-Traumatic brain injuries
-viruses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Carries blood and oxygen to brain/ nourishes the brain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Deals with fine coordination and speech output
-Processing and understanding of syntax
-Deals with physically speaking the language |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Critical for language comprehension
-Known as the "warehouse of meaning" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A stroke resulting from blockage of blood flow |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A stroke result from blood flowing into the brain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -When one is speaking effortlessly |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -Choppy speech, difficult to produce speech |
|
|
Term
| Common speech problems associated with Aphasia |
|
Definition
-anomia
-telegraphic speech
-paraphasias
-jargon
-effortful articulation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a problem with "finding the words"/ finding the right words to say |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Replacing words
EX: using "fork" for "sppon" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Word salad
-Using words that no one understands |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Problem with producing the speech, however they understand speech.
-non fluent aphasia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Problem with understanding speech, but can technically speak fluently. often uses words that don't make sense
-fluent aphasia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Multiple lesions across brain, leads to multiple aphasia symptoms
-little to no speech involved, very non fluent aphasia |
|
|
Term
| Parallel Impairment Aphasia |
|
Definition
| -When a bilingual with Aphasia has both of their languages impaired equally |
|
|
Term
| Differential Impairment Aphasia |
|
Definition
| -When a bilingual clearly has one language more impaired than another |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When a bilingual has one of their languages effected, but the other language is completely preserved |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Chronic and progressive decline in memory, cognition, language, and personality, resulting from central nervous system dysfunction |
|
|
Term
| Is Dementia part of normal Aging process? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is Dementia a memory problem only? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 3 Characteristics of Dementia |
|
Definition
-Memory problem
-Cognition loss
-Communication impairment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Alzheimer's (#1 cause)
-Parkinson's
-Huntington's
-Multiple Strokes
-etc. |
|
|
Term
| Dementia effects _____ people |
|
Definition
| Dementia effects 5-6 million people! |
|
|
Term
| _____ is the leading cause of institutionalization |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Approximately ____ of people over 85 have dementia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is dementia a result of psychological disorders? |
|
Definition
NO! but they can co-exist. Dementia is realted with:
-Schizophrenia
-Psychosis
-Delirium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-most common cause
-70% of all diagnosed Dementia cases are a result of Alzheimer's
-can only be diagnosed by autopsy
-onset is usually 65+ years |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Loss of brain cells
-Plagues and shingles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Mulch-infarct Dementia
-Second most Common Dementia
-multiple stroke dementia |
|
|
Term
| Causes of Vascular Dementia |
|
Definition
-multiple strokes
-onset: 55+ years
-can be gradual or quick |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Third most common form of Dementia
-changes personality often
-disinhibition
-Impaired judgement and insight |
|
|
Term
| Causes of Frontotemporal Dementia |
|
Definition
-Cortial atrophy
-Psychological Issue
-onset: 40-70 years old |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-has word finding problems
-forgetfulness of basic info
-pragmatics are still ok
-comprehension of new info still ok |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Reduced memory of recent events
-Significant word finding issues
-Disorientation (where are you?)
-Comprehension is lowered, bad humor
-pragmatics are lowered, often have empty conversations with people |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Limited meaningful communication, lots of Jargon
-often people become mute
-comprehension decreased
-toilet issues |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Hearing Loss that occurs as part of the aging process
-Leading cause of HL in adults |
|
|
Term
| Stereotypes about older adults |
|
Definition
-stubborn
-dependent
-think their generation is better than todays |
|
|
Term
| Effects of negative older adult stereotypes |
|
Definition
| People think they are more dependent of younger generations |
|
|
Term
| Effects of positive older adult stereotypes |
|
Definition
| People think old people like children more than they actually do |
|
|
Term
| How does the auditory system age? |
|
Definition
| Degeneration in peripheral structures of the ear lead to a sensorineural hearing loss |
|
|
Term
| Characteristics of Presbycusis |
|
Definition
-Bilateral (both ears)
-Symmetric (level of loss same in both ears)
-Progressive (older you get, less you hear)
-Sensorineural |
|
|
Term
| How an audiogram detects presbycusis |
|
Definition
-Higher frequency sounds are the first detected
-this is because the cochlea degenerates towards the stapes first |
|
|
Term
| Presbycusis Gender Differences |
|
Definition
-Men have more high frequency losses, due to louder occupations
-Women have flatter losses, due to their levels of estrogen and estrogen sensors closer to the ear |
|
|
Term
| Things to consider when purchasing a hearing aid |
|
Definition
-level of HL
-size of hearing aid
-price/budget
-technologies required
-physical characteristics of ear |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Term to describe either:
-A single exposure to a super loud sound
-Effects of excessive acoustic exposure |
|
|
Term
| Acoustic Trauma on the ear |
|
Definition
| Effects the sensorineural (inner ear) hearing loss |
|
|
Term
| Acoustic Trauma is the _____ most common cause to Hearing loss |
|
Definition
the second most common cause!
-presbicusis is the first
-Acoustic trauma accounts for 1/3 of American HL |
|
|
Term
| Hair Cells are healthy... |
|
Definition
| When in rows, neat and aligned |
|
|
Term
| Excessive Sound Leads to.... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Temporary Threshold Shift (TTS) |
|
Definition
-When excessive sound changes your hearing threshold. It returns over time (16-48 hours)
Caused from:
-clubs, concerts, etc |
|
|
Term
| Permanent Threshold Shift (PTS) |
|
Definition
| -Can happen either gradually or from single exposure of high intensity (loud) sound. Changes amount one is able to hear forever |
|
|
Term
| Gradual sound exposure leading to Permanent threshold shifts |
|
Definition
-outer hair cells impacted first, due to metabolic changes of cell exhaustion
-Continued exposure leads to then inner hair cell damage |
|
|
Term
| Factors of Sound that can make it potentially dangerous |
|
Definition
-intensity
-frequency
-duration |
|
|
Term
| The US Occupational Safety and Healthy Act of 1983 - Damage Risk Criteria |
|
Definition
| An act that established the guidelines between the tradeoff between exposure duration and signal intensity |
|
|
Term
| Examples of Noise Induced Hearing Loss (NIHL) |
|
Definition
| -airports, railroads, sports, firearms, etc |
|
|
Term
| Professions with extra risk of NIHL |
|
Definition
-musicians
-racecar drivers
-policemen
-factory workers |
|
|
Term
| 75-84 Average Db noise level effect |
|
Definition
| -Over time, minor hearing loss may develop in people with sensitive hearing |
|
|
Term
| 85 Average Db noise level effect |
|
Definition
| Permanent HL in approximately ___% of repeatedly exposed workers |
|
|
Term
| 90 Average Db noise level effect |
|
Definition
| Permanent HL in approximately ___% of repeatedly exposed workers |
|
|
Term
| 125 Average Db noise level effect |
|
Definition
| Will absolutely cause pain and discomfort over time |
|
|
Term
| 160 Average Db noise level effect |
|
Definition
| Will Cause a ruptured eardrum over time |
|
|
Term
| You know its too loud when.... |
|
Definition
-You must raise your voice to be heard
-You can't hear someone from two feet away
-speech around you sounds muffled or dull
-you have ringing in your ears after exposure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Ear muffs
-Ear plugs (can be custom made) |
|
|
Term
| What percent of Rock and Roll hall of famers have Hearing loss? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What percent consider hear loss a "very big problem"? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Top 2 factors influencing use of hearing protection |
|
Definition
-doctors and nurses
-education of Hearing loss |
|
|
Term
| Average age of NIHL studied |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What percent of NIHL study had hearing loss from concert/clubs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Trauma that leads to injury of scalp, skull, or brain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -Brina damage due impact of external force |
|
|
Term
| Head Injuries account for ____% of acute deaths |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 1.7 million Traumatic brain Injuries leads to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Of traumatic brain injury survivors _____ have long term disabilities |
|
Definition
| 85,000 have long term disabilities |
|
|
Term
| Gender and Traumatic Brain Injury |
|
Definition
| Males are more at risk because of risk taking and more dangerous occupations |
|
|
Term
| Which groups of people are more at risk for Traumatic Brain Injury? |
|
Definition
| Infants and seniors, because infants are fragile and old people have poor coordination |
|
|
Term
| 4 causes of Traumatic brain Injuries |
|
Definition
1. Falls
2. Motor Vehicle Accidents
3. Struck by/against events (not including assaults)
4. Assaults
* For military, blasts are #1 |
|
|
Term
| Open Head Traumatic brain Injury |
|
Definition
| Skull and meninges penetrated, caused by struck by something sharp, or car crashes |
|
|
Term
| Closed Head Traumatic Brain Injury |
|
Definition
-much more common than open head
-Skull and meninges are intact but brain is rattled
-MVAs, falls, physical assault/abuse |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Brain rotates within skull cavity, which injures or destroys brain tissue
-Blood vessels feeding baby can be torn, causing blood to enter brain
-retinal (back of eye) bleeding is also common |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Damage within a small area
EX: Contusions, hemorrhages |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
several areas of the brain involved
EX: Hypoxia, coup-contrecoup |
|
|
Term
| Physical Problems associated with Traumatic Brain Injuries |
|
Definition
-Hearing Loss
-Tinnitus
-Headaches
-Seizures
-Dizziness
-Nausea/Vomiting
-Blurred Vision
-Decreased Small or Taste
-Reduced Stregnth or coordination |
|
|
Term
| Defects of Traumatic Brain Injury |
|
Definition
Physical, behavioral, or mental changes depending on
-severity of injury
-location of injury |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -Testing traumatic brain injury, rates the best-observe response for eye opening, verbal response, and motor response (severe Traumatic Brain Injury = 3, Mild = 15) |
|
|
Term
| Rancho Levels of Cognitive Functioning |
|
Definition
-Testing traumatic brain injury, outlines ten levels of cognitive functioning
-Ranges from non responsiveness, total assistance to purposeful appropriate behavior, with modified assistance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Causes issues with:
-Perseveration
-sequencing
-decision making
-decreased attention
-problem solving
-emotions (including uncontrolled socail and sexual behavior)
- |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Causes issues with:
-Object classification
-tactile processing issues
-academic skills
-cognitive ability
-directional understanding
-hand eye coordination
-personal space |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Understanding spoken word
-selective attention
-sexuality changes
-inhibitions (not knowing when to stop talking)
-increased aggression
-locating objects |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Vision defects
-Loss of visual field
-Locating Objects
-Color identification
-hallucinations
-word blindness
-movement perception |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Control of gross and fine motor skills decreased
-voluntary motor skills
-balance
-equilibrium
-coordination
-postual controls
-eye movement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Body temperature
-heart rate
-breathing
-balance
-movement
-swallowing
-vertigo (dizziness)
-Nausea |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Trouble with ability to focus on a stimulus
-can be lead from internal or external distractions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Trouble with ability to retain and learn information |
|
|
Term
| Impairments of Language and Communication |
|
Definition
Can be caused by
-cognitive - communicative impairments
-aphasia
-pragmatics |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A traumatic brain injury resulting from jostling brain in the skull |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-check for loss of consciousness
-duration of concussion
-post traumatic amnesia
-persisting symptoms, like headache, dizziness, or reduced concentration |
|
|
Term
| How much time is needed to recover from 1 concussion? |
|
Definition
| at least one week AFTER symptoms resolve |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Brain damage caused by cumulative and repetitive brain trauma (boxing) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Trauma caused by over/under pressurization of air |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Improvised explosive device |
|
|
Term
| How long was Woodruff's coma? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Augmentative and Alternative Communication (AAC) |
|
Definition
Attempts to study and when necessary, temporary or permanently compensate for impairments, activity limitations, or participation restrictions of individuals with severe disorders of speech/language or comprehension
-Using something other than speech to help someone communicate |
|
|
Term
| Complex Communication Needs |
|
Definition
| When an individual cannot meet their daily communication needs through the current method of communication |
|
|
Term
| 4 purposes of communication |
|
Definition
-fulfill needs and wants
-information transfer
-social closeness
-social etiquette |
|
|
Term
| __________ out of every 1000 Americans are unable to meet their communication needs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Approximately _______ people currently have complex communication needs |
|
Definition
| 2 million people (currently) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| using something to aid with your current communication style |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Replacing your current communication style with something completely different |
|
|
Term
| 4 components of an AAC system |
|
Definition
1. symbol
2. Aid
3. Strategy
4. Technique |
|
|
Term
| Different access methods of AAC |
|
Definition
| Head switches, direct select, eye gaze |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. impairments
2. limitations
3. restrictions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -anything in daily life that's impaired |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -being able to go to school, learn, function |
|
|
Term
| Americans with Disabilities Act |
|
Definition
giving those with disabilities social + economic mainstream
-EX: handicap ramps, parking spots, etc |
|
|
Term
| Individuals with Disabilities Education Act |
|
Definition
-Gives those with disabilities right to free and appropriate public education
-Children from birth-21 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Physical or mental impairment which substantially limits one or more of such person's major life activities |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
"Deaf" people live in Dead culture only, basically only use sign
"deaf" people are people who are physically deaf, yet they live among the hearing world |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| system of shared beliefs, values, customs, behaviors, and artifacts that members of a group use to cope with their world and one another, and that are transmitted from one generation to another through learning |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| skills, attitudes, knowledge to work effectively with people of diverse cultures |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When facial expression, hand gesture, voice inflection, etc. play important roles in a culture's communication |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When an entire message someone is trying to get across can be done with just speech/ writing. |
|
|
