INFECTIOUS ORGANISMS

• Bacteria
• Virus
• Fungus
• Mold

INFECTIOUS ORGANISMS

BACTERIA

• microscopic unicaellular organisms
• self-replicating
• similar to individual human cells
• usually sensitive to antibiotics
• responsible for the majority of human diseases

INFECTIOUS ORGANISMS

VIRUS

• "simple" life forms
• dependent on host cell ("highjackers")
  • for reporduction, protein synthesis, ATP regeneration, and other functions
  • Not affected by antibiotics and routine treatments

• Infectious organism-organisms which cause disease
• Reservoir-a source of supply for infectious agents or diseases in whih they multiply
• Route of exit-means of travel feom a reservoir (respiratory droplets, blood, etc.)

Circle of Transmission

Means of Transmission

• Direct contact with an infected individual or contaminated object
• Route of Entry-means of entry into the body (inhalation, contact with blood)
• HOST-vehicle in whichorganisma can grow

CIRCLE OF TRANSMISSION

HOST →Infectious Organism →Reservoir→Route of Exit→Means of Transmission→Route of Entry→HOST

• Barriers of Entry

• Immune Response

• Intact Skin prevents intrusion of most infectious organisms
• Saturated and unsaturated fatty acids secreted by the sebaceous glands are lethal to most infectious organisms

• Recogniton of an invader
• ↓
• Immediate immune response
•     ↓
• Atack and destroy mode
•           ↓
• Return to homeostasis

INFECTION CONTROL

Specific infectious diseases

• Tuberculosis
• Hepatitus A, B, C, D
• HIV Disease
• Meningitis
• Multiple-antibiotic resistant bacteria

• Bacterial organism
• Transmission via respiratory droplets
• Must be inhaled by host

TUBERCULOSIS

Pathophysiology

• Secondary to infection
  • colonizes in pulmonary bases
  • may grow or remain dormant
• causes pockets of necrotic tissue (viable organisms remain within capsules)
• may spread via the pulmonary vein to any part of the body and produce secondary infections

TUBERCULOSIS

Symptomatology

• cough
• blood-tinged sputum
• chest pain/pleurisy
• fever/night sweats
• anorexia/weight loss

TUBERCULOSIS

Prevention and Treatment

• PREVENTION
  • PPD screening q 6 months
  • TB masks
• TREATMENT
  • Long term with INH/rifampin
  • lasts one year due to low microbial metabolism

• Viral organism
• Transmission via oral-fecal route (type A)
• Bloodborne (types B, C, D)

HEPATITUS

Symptomatology

• Jaundice
• Lethargy
• Low Grade Fever
• Anorexia
• Abnormal liver function

HEPATITIS A

• Self-limiting disease
• Transmitted via oral-fecal route
• Prevented by good personal hygiene
• Excellent prognosis for full recovery

• Bloodborne pathogen isolated in blood, saliva, semen, and all mucous membranes
• Lives up to ten days in dried blood
• 10% mortality
• 10% progress to chronic carrier state
• Leading cause of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma

• Utilize universal precautions
• Three dose vaccine series is 90% effective

• Individual viruses with similar disease progression
• Type C is usually acquired through multiple transfusions
• Type D is acquired secondary to type B

• Viral organism
  • no known cure
  • no current vaccine
• Variable incubation period
• Relatively difficult to transmit
  • Unstable virus
  • Low concentration of virus in infected patients

• Secretions known to transmit HIV
  • Blod, Semen, breat milk
• Secretions not known to transmit HIV
  • Urine, feces, saliva, emesis

• Fatigue, Lethargy, low grade fever, unexplained weight loss, Swollen glands, Night sweats, Diarrhea
• Myalgia, arthralgia, oral cavity disease, anorexia, headache, photophobia, dermatitis

• Protozoal-Pneumoncystis carinii pneumonia, toxoplasmosis, cryptosporidium enteritis
• CNS Effects- HIV encephalopathy (dementia)
• Viral-Cytomegalovirus (CMV) , Herpes SImplex virus (HSV), Hairy leukemia, Shingles

HIV Disease Opportunistic Infections

Bacterial and Fungal

BACTERIAL-Myobacterium aviumintracelluare (MAI), Myobacterium tuberculosis (MTB)

FUNGAL-Candidiasis (thrush), cryptococcosis, Histoplasmosis

NEOPLASMS-Kaposi's Sarcoma (KS), Non-hodgkins Lymphoma

• Viral and bacterial forms

• Transmission via respiratory droplets

• Headache
• Unconscious with unknown etiology
• Positive Kering's sign (thigh flexion with an inability to straighten legs)
• Positive Brudzinski's sign (neck flexion produces thigh/hip flexion)

• Face masks
• Rifampin secondary to exposure

Disease  Organism  Meth of Trans   Meth of Prevent

AIDS             Virus        blood/body fluids   Universal Precaution

VARICELLA     Virus        droplets/inhalation     mask

INFLUENZA     Virus        droplets/inhalation   mask/vaccination

MEASLES        Virus       droplets/inhalation    mask/vaccination

Meningitis    Virus/Bact   droplets/inhalation    mask

RUBELLA         Virus       Droplets/inhalation    TB mask

Commicable Diseases

Nosocmial Infection

Communicable Diseases

Prevention

Medical Asepsis

Sterile technique

Setup

• spread out sterile drape (touch edge only)
• Empty sterile gloves after vigorous handwashing
• keep hands above waist
• keep dominant hand sterile

• Routine and PRN cleaning
• Germacidal sprays and cleaners for electrical equipment
• dont forget the driver's compartment!