Term
| Name 5 different types of abnormal gait. |
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Definition
| Trendelenburg, Antalgic, Short legged, High Steped, and Stiff kneed. |
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Term
| What is polyarthritis potentially indicative of? |
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Definition
| Inflammatory arthropathy. |
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Term
| In addition to examining the joints, what else should be examined if inflammatory arthropathy is suspected? |
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Definition
| Abdomen, CV and respiratory systems. |
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Term
| When is a thorough general examination necessary. |
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Definition
| If a patient presents with polyarthritis, or widespread aches and pains. |
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Term
| Describe the features of a Trendelenburg gait. |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the features of an Antalgic gait. |
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Definition
| Painful. The patient tries to offload the painful limb by quickening and shortening the weight bearing stance phase of the gait cycle. |
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Term
| Describe the features of a short-leg gait. |
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Definition
| Dipping of the shoulder on the affected side. |
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Term
| Describe the features of a High Stepping gait. |
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Definition
| Knee is flexed and foot is lifted high to avoid the foot dragging along the ground. |
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Term
| Describe the features of a stiff knee gait. |
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Definition
| The knee is cleared of the floor by swinging out away from the body. |
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Term
| What is the cause of a Trendelenburg gait? |
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Definition
| Loss of hip abductor function. |
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Term
| What is the cause of a antalgic gait? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What is the cause of a short-leg gait? |
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Definition
| Any condition causing significant leg length discrepancy. |
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Term
| What is the cause of a high stepping gait? |
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Definition
| Peroneal or sciatic nerve palsy. |
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|
Term
| What is the cause of a stiff knee gait? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the features of a High Stepping gait. |
|
Definition
| Knee is flexed and foot is lifted high to avoid the foot dragging along the ground. |
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|
Term
| Describe the features of a stiff knee gait. |
|
Definition
| The knee is cleared of the floor by swinging out away from the body. |
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|
Term
| What is the cause of a Trendelenburg gait? |
|
Definition
| Loss of hip abductor function. |
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|
Term
| What is the cause of a antalgic gait? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the cause of a short-leg gait? |
|
Definition
| Any condition causing significant leg length discrepancy. |
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|
Term
| What is the cause of a high stepping gait? |
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Definition
| Peroneal or sciatic nerve palsy. |
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|
Term
| What is the cause of a stiff knee gait? |
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Definition
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Term
| When you first look properly to examine a patient, what 5 things are you checking for? |
|
Definition
Swelling
Muscle Wasting
Erythema
Deformity
Scars |
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Term
| Which 2 nerve roots are most likely to suffer from nerve compression resulting from a intervertebral disk prolapse. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens to lower limb tone in spinal cord compression? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which muscle, and hence which nerve roots, are tested by hip flexion? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which muscle, and hence which nerve root, is tested by knee flexion? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which muscle, and hence which nerve root, is tested by ankle dorsiflexion? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which muscle, and hence which nerve root, is tested by great toe extension? |
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Definition
| Extensor Hallucis Longus, L5 |
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Term
| Which muscle, and hence which nerve root, is tested by Ankle plantar flexion? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What should the reflexes of a limb always be compared to? |
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Definition
| Those of the opposite limb. |
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Term
| Which nerve roots are tested when testing knee reflexes? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which nerve roots are tested when testing the ankle reflexes? |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe how you would test the reflexes of the knee. |
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Definition
| Flex both knees over a couch and tap lightly on the patella ligament. |
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Term
| Describe how you would test the reflexes of the ankle. |
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Definition
| Dorsiflex the ankle with the knees flexed and the leg externally rotated. Tap the achilles tendon |
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Term
| Describe how you would test the plantar reflexes. |
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Definition
| Stroke the plantar skin with the handle of a tendon hammer. Toe extension is abnormal and indicates and upper motor neuron lesion. |
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Term
| What happens to anal tone in cauda equina syndrome? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Which sensation is reduced in cauda equina syndrome? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is true leg pain felt? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Where might you get radiation in hip pain? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is often the cause of trendelenburg gait? |
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Definition
| Failure of the hip abductors to elevate the pelvis on weight bearing. |
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|
Term
| Give two possible reasons why there may be failure of hip abduction? |
|
Definition
Pain
Ineffectual muscle function following hip surgery. |
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Term
| Why is swelling difficult to see in a hip joint? |
|
Definition
| Because it is a deep joint. |
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Term
| What 2 things can give a false positive in the anterior drawer test? |
|
Definition
| PCL deficiency or after a medial meniscectomy. |
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|
Term
| What is the anterior drawer test for? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the posterior drawer test for? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What does swelling in the achilles tendon region suggest? |
|
Definition
| Achilles tendon rupture or tendinopathy. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does disruption of the alignment o the heel and the achilles tendon suggest? |
|
Definition
| disease of the subtalar joint or abnormalities of the longitudinal arch of the foot. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Deformity of the great toe, with it becoming abducted at the MTP joint. |
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|
Term
| What commonly affects the MTP joints and may cause subluxation? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What movements does the subtalar joint allow? |
|
Definition
| Inversion and eversion of the hindfoot. |
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Term
| What is indicated by the patient being stooped and having one leg flexed? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the straight leg raise test for? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| How many joints are there from which movement in the shoulder arises? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is swelling of the shoulder best seen from? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| From which 2 joints does the majority of the movement of the shoulder arise? |
|
Definition
| The glenohumeral and the scapulothoracic joints. |
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|
Term
| Where will scars from shoulder replacement be located? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What does a gap on palpation of the acromioclavicular joint indicate? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is indicated by normal passive movements with painful or restricted active movements? |
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Definition
| A muscle or tendon problem. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Where a patient is unable to elevate their arm to the side properly, so cheats by shrugging their opposite shoulder |
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Term
| What is a hitch up when testing active abduction of the arm an indicator of? |
|
Definition
| Reduced glenohumeral range. |
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|
Term
| What is loss of passive external rotation and abduction highly indicative of? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the four muscles of the rotator cuff? |
|
Definition
Supraspinatus
Teres Minor
Subscapularis
Infraspinatus. |
|
|
Term
| Give three roles of the rotator cuff. |
|
Definition
Holding the head of the humerus in the glenoid cavity
Maintaining joint stability
Initiating shoulder abduction |
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|
Term
| Where will be tender in golfer's elbow |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is indicated by a swollen golf ball over the elbow? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does tight skin in the hand and wrist indicate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does skin thining indicate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do nail fold infarcts indicate? |
|
Definition
| Possible vasculitis or scleroderma |
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|
Term
| What do digital ulcers indicate? |
|
Definition
| Possible vasculitis or scleroderma. |
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|
Term
| What do scars on the volar aspect of the wrist suggest? |
|
Definition
| Carpal tunnel decompression. |
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|
Term
| What is indicated by pitting or onycholysis of the nails? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does splinter haemorrhage indicate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which hand joints tend to be affected by OA? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which hand and wrist joints tend to be affected by RA? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does wasting of the thenar eminence indicate? |
|
Definition
| median nerve (carpal tunnel) pathology, or disuse secondary to joint disease. |
|
|
Term
| What does wasting of the hypothenar eminence suggest? |
|
Definition
| Ulnar nerve pathology, or disuse secondary to joint disease. |
|
|
Term
| When does atrophy of the distal interosseous muscles occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which interosseous muscles undergo atrophy in RA? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is indicated by boggy and spongy feeling joints? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Who will find the prayer sign test difficult? |
|
Definition
| Patients with limited wrist extension, deformities or synovitis of their MCP or PIP joints will find this difficult. |
|
|
Term
| Which nerve is tested by testing abduction of the thumb against resistance? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is indicated if the patient is stooped with one leg flexed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the straight leg raise test for? |
|
Definition
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