-TGE

- Diet Change 

Can be taken off a highly digestible protein source too early.  Soybean protein can also cause hypersensitivity, but diarrhea will resolve in 2 weeks. 

- Clostridium dificile 

- Colibacillosis

- Entercoccus 

- Grower scours 

- Rotavirus 

What does "PRRS positive but stable" mean?

What is the purpose of having 100g/ton CTC in feed?

(Chlortetracycline)

What is more cost effective in treating piglets with scours?

A) Inject all of the piglets with Excede 

B) Inject only sick piglets with Excede

C) Use neomycin with all piglets in water

ANSWER: Neomycin 

Packets of neomycin in water are significantly less expensive.

Live pigs would not have autolysed tissues - especially the intestines. 

The acutely ill pigs would still have bacteria or virus present within them, they should also be untreated. 

What bacterial agent would be least likely to be the cause of diarrhea in young piglets?

A) Escherichia coli 

B) Salmonella cholerasuis

C) Clostridium perfringens

D) Clostridium difficile

Which of the following is a reason to send live piglets to the diagnostic lab?

A) To avoid postmortem autolysis 

B) To prevent secondary bacterial invasion 

C) The diagnostic lab can obtain all the correct samples 

D) All of the above

What is the mechanism of neomycin?

A) Inhibitor of the 50r ribosome 

B) Inhibitor of DNA synthesis 

C) Inhibitor of the 30s ribosome 

D) Inhibitor of protein synthesis 

Ceftiofur

Neomycin

Enrofloxacin

Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole

E. coli can contaminate the skin and mammary glands of dams which are ingested by piglets. When piglets are shipped and weaned the stress can decrease immunity can cause clinical disease. 

Bacteria can survive in the environment and infect more. 

How does E. coli cause scours in piglets? 

(bacterial mechanisms) 

Immune system suppression + exposure to bacteria 

enterotoxigenic strains attach to enterocytes by special pili.  Pilus recognized by antigens (K88, K99, F18).  

TOXINS 

Heat labile toxin (LT): increases cAMP = osmotic diarrhea (increased secretion of chloride, sodium, water) 

Heat stable toxin (ST): increases cAMP

Shiga toxin: inhibits protein synthesis 

"Porcine Pilishield"

Killed autogenous vaccine given IM prior to farrowing 

Ab from colostrum - so vaccinated dams

K88 & K99

Killed autogenous vaccine 

F18 

- Giardia SNAP test

- Fecal smear

- Parasite exam 

- PCR to test for DNA of pili and toxins produced

Approx 4 years 

They start cycling at 18 months, but still too young

It is usually not a good sign! 

If abnormal may indicate placentits, metritis, abortion, etc. 

BUT it can be normal waxy buildup that can occur up to a weeks before parturition.

Infectious endometritis 

Placentitis

HR = 80-120 beats per minute

Resp Rate = 40 - 50 breaths/min

Rectal temp = 99 - 102^OF

Native 

present but decreased 

Complement activity 

Neutrophil and macrophage activity

Interon production, NK cell function 

Acquired 

Primary response only - no memory cells 

Decreased lymphocyte response 

T-helper 2 cells 

Colostrum transfers maternal antibodies

Immunoglobulins are not degraded in the stomach of a neonate until 24 hours after birth.  There is little proteolytic activity until this time when normal apithelial cells replace = closure time. 

Prep venipuncture sight 

Collect blood 3 times within 24-48 hour period

collect 2 tubes each time 

Total: 3 for aerobic, 3 for anaerobic testing

Best time to collect bloos is right before a fever spike. 

- Septicemia: Presence of bacteria in the blood, associated with severe infections. Serious, life threatening, and gets worse very quickly. 

- Sepsis: life threatening illness where the immune system responds to a bacterial response and overwhelms the normal processes in the blood. This results in a small clot formation, blocking blood flow to vital organs.

Animal fails to acquire systemic immunity from mother's colostrum.  

Failure can occur at many aspects of immunity:

Mother didnt make colostrum 

Premature birth 

Failure to concentrate IgG

Ingestive failure

Absorptive failure

- provide supplemental IgG

- If gut if closed, give IV/IP plasma or commercial immunoglobulin

What are possible bacterial causes of septicemia in foals?

E. coli

Klebsiella

Enterobacter

Actinobacilus 

Pseudomonas

Rhodococcus 

Enterococcus 

Streptococcus 

Erythromycin 

*Gentamycin/Penicillin

Septic arthritis 

Trauma 

Congenital malformation 

Viral: BVD, Rotavirus, Coronavirus

Bacterial: E. coli, Salmonella, Clostridium perfringens

Parasitic: Coccidiosis, Cryptosporidium 

BVD

E coli

Non-infectious: Toxins, genetic abnormalities of fetus

Infectious: BVD, IBR, Brucella abortus, leptospira, neosporum caninum.

- Bull calves (worth less money) 

- Untreated 

- Showing clinical signs of illness

- Freshly euthanized to decrease autolysis 

or taken most recently deceased 

Ante mortem: 

Fresh feces (for bacterial culture, salmonella, bovine rotavirus, bovine coronavirus, parasite tests)

Fresh ear notch (BVDV on ELISA) 

Frozen feces in anaerobic container (clostridium)

Post mortem:

Tied off bowel loop (rotavirus, coronavirus, BVDV)

Intestinal loop: several locations, adjacent LN

Spleen, esophagus for histopath

What are the steps involved in RT-PCR?

- Denature the DNA

- Anneal the primer 

- extend primer to produce new DNA 

- several cycles

- run results through gel electrophoreisis 

- compare to control sample of suspected agent 

(this was in the case of potential BVD) 

- Separate out positive calves from negative ones

- Take care of these calves last when feeding and cleaning to prevent tracking virus to healthy.

- Clean calf pens more frequently with lots of bleach to prevent reinfection.

Placenta of cow

Kidney, lung, spleen, lymph nodes, thymus, and any diseased tissues. 

Cerebellar hypoplasia

Micropthalmia

Hydrocephalus 

Renal Dysplasia

Contracted tendons

Mummified fetuses 

Accuracy - technical error 

postmortem autolysis of samples 

Incorrect tissue type used in PCR

Virus not distributed equally in tissues

Ear notch can be stained with IHC, this detects PI animals only without interference by maternal AB or TI.  This can be used on neonatal animals.  

Determines if animal is currently infected and not just exposed. 

Also has reduced cost.

What is the main goal of vaccination protocol in controlling BVD? 

Give a month before breeding

Calves over three months can be vaccinated if dam was vaccinated in the past 12 months. 

Revaccinate annually.

What congenital malformations might beseen in BVD-infected stillborn and newborn live calves?

At what age would the calves have been infected?

Cerebellar hypoplasia, micropthalmia, contracted tendons, hydrocephalus 

Infection typically occurs 75-120 days into gestation.

Cost of vaccination 

testing 

lack of replacement animals 

open low cost 

abortions 

Diestrus: 60 days

Anestrus: 90-150 days 

Proestrus: 9 days 

Estrus: 9 days (this is when the female dog is receptive to breeding by a male = heat) 

Average "heat": every 6-7 months

flagging

interest in male dogs 

edematous vulva

serosanguinous vaginal discharge 

the estrous behavior is from an increase in estrogen occured in proestrus as produced by dominant follicle.

Less accurate: look for signs of heat like flagging, vulvar swelling, discharge, bleeding 

More accurate: vaginal cytology

Jugular

Femoral 

Dorsal pedal 

others

Cardiogenic 

hypovolumic

neurogenic 

pooling of blood in microvasculature 

(sepsis, anaphalyctic)

Stress myocarditis following trauma of HBC 

or could be trauma from HBC

Ventricular ectopic complexes: HBC trauma (premature heart beat originating in ventricular chamber) 

Ventricular tachycardia: manifests in 24-48 hours after trauma.  Often transient after trauma such as GDV.

Ventricular arrhythmias very common

Heart disease 

metabolic disease

electrolyte imbalance 

toxicity 

cancer

pancreatitis 

GDV

Trauma 

-Pass endotracheal tube, 100% oxygen 

-IV bolus of Vasopressin (increases peripheral vascular resistance, thus increasing arterial blood pressure)

-Lactated ringers for replacement fluids

- lidocaine: antiarrhythmic drug (treats ventricular tachycardia by altering cardiac action potentials of ion channels) 

Typically effective at correcting ventricular tachycardia

- ventricular excitability depressed 

- SA node unaffected 

Onset of injection is 45 - 90 seconds 

action lasts for 10-20 minutes 

What drugs can be used to correct ventricular tachycardia?

Which one has least negative effects?

Pricainamide

Procainamide

Quinidine 

Lidocaine - doesnt produce significant decrease in arterial pressure or cardiac contractile force

Preventricular contraction = heart beat initiated by ventricle instead of SA node

Non-compensatory pauses = SA reset and new sinus cycle begins, not an exact multiple of regular PP interval.

Conpensatory preventricular complex= Starts in ventriclesfrom often a hypoxic focus.  depolarizes ventricles, not SA node. SA not reset and fires at normal timing. 

Why might a dog with a diaphragmatic hernia become cyanotic and have a weakened pulse when rolled on their back in order to preform midline laparotomy?

What could be done to prevent this? 

When dog was rolled on their back, displaced organs compressed vena cava thus decreasing venous return and causing hypoxia.

This cannot realy be prevented, but can try not rolling her on her back and instead performing a lateral laparotomy, but there is very narrow access to the body cavity. 

Anesthesia decreases total volume and respiratory rate, and increases end tidal CO2.  A torn diaphragm reduces respiratory rate and tidal volume, with abdominal muscles partially compensating. An open laparotomy will eliminate the negative pressure present in the thoracic cavity. 

= Decreased pulmonary function

What should be recommended when sending home a post-op diaphragmatic hernia patient?

What are some possible complications?

Recommend removal of chest tube once nothing is aspirated (about 1-2 days) 

Caomplications: Pulmonary edema, pneumothorax, cardiac arrhythmias, surgical site infections, reperfusion injuries. 

Palpation (28-35 days) 

Ultrasound (28-30 days) 

Blood test (after 28 days) 

Radiographs (after 48 days) 

Because of the duration of exposure of the linear foreign object.  After 4 days of going unnoticed, a an object like a string, would have a good chance of being embedded int he mucosa of the GI tract.  Also the object could be far down the GI tract, like into the duodenum. 

If left to pass it would likely cause an obstruction.

Intestinal necrosis 

perforation

leakage

dehiscence

peritonitis

endotoxic shock

stenosis 

2 days hospitalization recommended 

Premedication: Butophanol 

if not dehydrated- buprenorphine or acepromazine

Induction: Ketamine or propofol

Inhalant: Sevoflurane or Isoflurane 

(NOT Nitrous oxide because it expands tissues/organs)

Disrupts the CNS by causing overstimulation 

Inhibits GABA, may block serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine in the CNS.

Blocks post-synaptic dopamine receptors in the CNS 

May inhibit release of dopamine.

Provides analgesia through antagonistic activity inthe limbic system 

Weaned at 21-24 days of age 

Weigh 10-20 lbs.

6 weeks of age 

20-60 lbs.

16-20 weeks 

240-270 lbs.

Age: around 21 days 

Weight: 11 -15 lbs.

Lysine 

Tryptophan

Threonine

Methionine

Isoleucine

Phenylalanine

Arginine

Histadine

Leucine

Valine

Ca, P, Na, Cl, Fe, Zn, I, Se, CU, Mn

These allow for optimal skeletal structure and metabolic function

Vitamins A, D, E, K, B12, Biotin, Choline, Niacin, Pantothenic Acid, Riboflavin, Folacin

These maintain normal growth, maintenance, and reproduction

Soybean meal 

meat/bone meal

cottonseed oil 

poultry by-product

Contains ground grain + Proteinsource + Mineral and vitamin basemix.  This is added to grain and supplement 

The is a flexible, simple and popular feed choice 

Contains ground grain + protein source + calcium source + phosphorus source + vitamin premix + Trace mineral premix

This is best for large operations: least expensive but most complex

Complete Diet (Ration) System 

Complete Supplement System 

Basemix system 

Premix system 

A lincosamide antibiotic that comes from the actinomyces Streptomyces lincolnensis.  

Macrolide that inhibits the 50S ribosomal subunit

Commonly  known as clindamycin

associated with treatment with overgrowth of Clostridium difficile - can be used in humans

Treatment and control of swine dysentery 

Control of porcine proliferative enteritis (Lawsonia intracellularis) 

Reduce severity of mycoplasma pneumonia (Mycoplasma hyopneumonia) 

Increase rate of weight gain in growing-finishing swine

** No withdrawl time in US**

ZERO DAYS 

There is no withdrawl for lincomycin in the US

START WITH THE LIMITING agent - often a supplement.

(in our cases it was then lincomycin, and then feed ration)

Vertical/horizontal transmission 

Direct contact with contaminated skin/MAMMARY GLANDS

Environment 

Piglet-piglet transmission

-Supporative care (replenish fluids & ELECTROLYTES) 

-Use probiotics to redirect intestinal bacterial population growth back to beneficial organisms

-Change gut pH to make unfavorable environment for E. coli growth

-Isolate clinically ill animals to prevent spreading

What is the gestational cycle of horses?

(Length, type, etc)

Horses are seasonally poly-estrous 

induced by photostimulation 

have 21 day cycle

Length of gestation: 335 -342 days (11 months) 

Ultrasound: 9-11 days 

Palpate rectally: 28 days 

Evaluate eCG in blood/urine - only found in pregnant mares, but doesnt determine duration of pregnancy.

- Embryo wil be at the base of uterine horn by 15 days

Ascending:

Streptococcus equi sbsp. zooepi

E. coli 

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Klebsiella pneumonia 

Hematogenous:

Leptospirosis 

Salmonella 

Histoplasma

Features: 

Upward sloping vulva

angle combination + position of anus

Older mares = cranial movement, horizontal slope to anus

FAT mares can effect positioning

Prevention: 

Caslick's procedure (temp close vulva) 

Evaluate slope before breeding

Improve physical condition (get her trimmed up)

- Synovial: from innoculation of synovial membrane

- Epiphysial: subchondral bone infection present

- Physial: infection of the growth plate (least common)

- Joint lavage: with polyionic fluids for 3 days 

- Regional perfusion with antimicrobials 

- Restrict excerise to prevent trauma to cartilage

- Cows dried for 65 days before freshening in dry lot 

- moved to calving barn 2 weeks before calving 

- calves should be immediately removed and put in individual pens 

given two quarts colostrum within 4 hours 

another 2 quarts colostrum within 12 hours

-Erosions and ulcerations of entire length of the GI tract 

- Hemorrhage and necrosis of lymphoid tissues 

PEYERS patches

- sloughing of enterocytes

- reduced villus height 

-Sloughing of enterocytes 

-infection of epithelial cells of LI

- Atrophy of colon ridges

- cecum, colon, distal SI edematous enteritis

- erosions, ulcerations, hemorrhage

- Lower ileum and LI 

shortened villi and loss of epithelial cells

necrotic debris 

hemorrhage and ulcerations

- Lesions of jejunum and ileum 

- Necrotic villi and colonized mucosa 

- Jejunal emphysema 

- ulcers and hemorrhage

EUTHANSIA

These animals will continue to shed the virus for their entire life, and will keep the virus spreading within a herd.

Pros: 

Provide better and longer immunity

Cons: 

Potential risk of abortion or disease 

Pros:

Doesn't produce disease 

Cons: 

can cause decreased milk production

Internal or external circulation of fluids.

Treatment:

Colloids - pull fluids from body tissues 

LRS - provides electrolytes

Vasopressin (ADH) - increased water absorption in the kidneys, increases peripheral resistance

Effusion/fluid 

Decreased blood volume 

Obesity 

Lung disease 

Ciliary body

Iris 

Choroid

D:degenerative - OA, ligament tear, hepatic cirrhosis, renal fibrosis

A:autoimmune - glomerulonephritis, amyloidosis 

M:metabolic - diabetes mellitus, nephrotic syndrome, hepatic lipidosis, amyloidosis

N: Neoplasia - hepatic or renal neoplasia, metastasis

I:Inflammatory - lepto, Lyme disease, septicemia, monocytis ehrlichiosis, canine adenovirus 1

T: toxin/trauma - ethylene glcol

P: Parasite - flukes, kidney worms

There is more likely more than one problem here!