Term
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Definition
| Facilitates understanding of forces that influence career choice and development; Stimulates research to clarify career choice and development process; Provides guide to practice in absence of empirical guidelines |
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Term
| What are five major types of theories within career development? |
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Definition
1.) Trait & Factor theories
2.) Developmental theories
3.) Learning theories
4.) Socioeconomic theories
5.) Recent theoretical statements |
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Term
| Describe trait & factor theories |
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Definition
| Stress that individuals need to develop their traits, which include their interests, values, personalities, and aptitudes |
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Term
| Define developmental theories |
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Definition
| The assumption that the factors that influence career choice and developement are related to stages of personal and psychological development |
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Term
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Definition
| Used to describe both the process by which the individual develops and the choice-making process itself |
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Term
| Define socioeconomic theories |
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Definition
| They pay less attention to psychological traits; instead focus on the socioeconomic status of the decision maker and the influence of sociological and economic factors on occupational choice making |
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Term
| All theories are based on certain philosophical assumptions that typically fall into two categories: |
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Definition
| positivist, and postmodern. |
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Term
| Trait Oriented Theories focus on: |
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Definition
| matching traits of the individual with the requirements of the job/characteristics of the work environment |
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Term
| Trait oriented theories begin with: |
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Definition
| expanding the client's self knowledge and emphasizes gathering specific info about jobs tasks and work environments |
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Term
Trait & Factor Theory
Who & when? |
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Definition
| Based on Parson's 1909 model |
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Term
| Trait & Factor Theory has a three step framework: |
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Definition
1.) Clear understanding of self
2.) Knowledge of different lines of work
3.) Understanding of the relationship between those two |
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Term
| Trait & Factor Theory--It matches _____ with _____ and assumes ______ |
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Definition
| It matches the individual's traits with the requirements of the job. It assumes that there is a single career goal for each person and that career decisions are based primarily on abilities. |
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Term
| Intersecting Circles Model |
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Definition
Interests (what you like)
Skills (what you're good at)
Values (what's important to you)
these three things are three circles that are intersecting (duh) |
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Term
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Definition
Based on the idea that an individual chooses a career that satisfies one's preferred modal personal orientation
Matches personal orientations (styles) to occupational environments |
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Term
RIASEC Model--what does it stand for?
Holland |
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Definition
| Realistic, investigative, artistic, social, enterprising, conventional (personality types) |
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Term
Realistic people deal with the environment how--
From RIASEC |
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Definition
| in an objective, concrete, and physically manipulative manner (agricultural, technical, skilled-trade vocations) |
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Term
Investigative people deal with the environment how--
from RIASEC |
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Definition
| by using intellect—manipulating ideas, words and symbols. (primarily in academic and scientific areas) |
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Term
Artistic people deal with the environment how--
from RIASEC |
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Definition
| by creating art forms and products |
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Term
Social people deal with the environment how--
from RIASEC |
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Definition
| by using skills to interact with and relate to others (educational, therapeutic, and religious vocations) |
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Term
Enterprising people deal with the environment how--
from RIASEC model |
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Definition
| by expressing adventurous, dominant, enthusiastic, and impulsive qualities (prefer sales, supervisory, and leadership vocations) |
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Term
Conventional people deal with the environment how--
from RIASEC model |
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Definition
| by choosing goals and activities that carry social appeal (prefer clerical and computational tasks) |
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Term
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Definition
Created by Holland
Six type areas containing occupational titles and activities
Gives you a three letter code known as a Holland Code |
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Term
The Realistic work environment involves:
The RIASEC personality types go along with RIASEC work environments. |
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Definition
| concrete, physical tasks requiring mechanical skills, persistence, and physical movement (farms, machine shop, barber) |
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Term
The Investigative work environment involves:
The RIASEC personality types go along with RIASEC work environments. |
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Definition
| the use of abstract and creative abilities rather than personal perceptiveness. (research lab, library, work group of scientists) |
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Term
The Artistic work environment involves:
The RIASEC personality types go along with RIASEC work environments. |
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Definition
| the creative and interpretive use of artistic forms (play rehearsal, concert hall, music studio) |
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Term
The Social work environment involves:
The RIASEC personality types go along with RIASEC work environments. |
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Definition
| the ability to interpret and modify human behavior and an interest in caring for and interacting with people. (classrooms, counseling, mental hospitals, churches) |
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Term
The Enterprising work environment involves:
The RIASEC personality types go along with RIASEC work environments. |
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Definition
| verbal skill in directing or persuading people. (real estate, car lot, politics) |
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Term
The Conventional work environment involves:
The RIASEC personality types go along with RIASEC work environments. |
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Definition
| systematic, concrete, routine processing of verbal and mathematicl information. (bank, post office, business office) |
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Term
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Definition
His theory is the most influential one of all
Has been researched and empirically validated
Is the basis for many widely used career interest inventories |
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Term
| The Dictionary of Holland Occupational Codes |
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Definition
1996
Contains extensive listings of all major occupations, which are classified according to the extent to which they involve the different RIASIC categories |
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Term
Theory of Work Adjustment
What is the basic assumption? |
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Definition
| People have two types of needs: biological (or survival) needs, such as the need for food, and psychological needs, such as social acceptance |
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Term
| What are the three variables of Theory of Work Adjustment? |
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Definition
Three variables—skills, aptitudes, and personality structure can be used to predict the success of the worker if the reinforcement pattern of the work environment is known.
Skills—job related skills the individual can offer to a work environment
Aptitude—the potential an individual has to develop the skills needed by the work environment
personality structure of the individual is determined by a combination of aptitudes and values |
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Term
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Definition
| Values are determined by the importance attached to classes of reinforcement (pay, independence of functioning) |
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Term
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Definition
| Celerity is the quickness with which workers engage their work environment to satisfy their needs |
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Term
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Definition
| Pace is denoted by the vigor with which individuals and work environments try to satisfy their needs |
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Term
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Definition
| Endurance is used in theory of work adjustment to indicate the tolerance of the individual or the work environment for dealing with unsatisfactory work conditions or workers in the case of the work environment. |
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Term
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Definition
| Rhythm denotes the pattern of attempts (steady, erratic) by individuals and work environments to satisfy their needs. |
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Term
| In TWA, there are two approaches to adjusting to the work environment. What are they? |
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Definition
Active—worker makes a direct attempt to make the work environment more responsive to their needs
Reactive--worker changes themselves to respond to the perceived demands of the work place |
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Term
| What is the objective of the Theory of Work Adjustment? |
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Definition
| to help client groups match their aptitudes and values to occupations with jobs that provide appropriate occupational ability patterns and occupational reinforcer patterns. |
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Term
| What is a drawback of TWA? |
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Definition
| It can take a lot of time to administer. |
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Term
| When thinking about Theory of Work Adjustment, what are some considerations the counselor needs to have? |
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Definition
Help client adjust themselves to fit the work environment
Help the client modify the work environment to make it more satisfactory to themselves
Assist the client in choosing a new work environment |
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Term
Some general info about Theory of Work Adjustment
(sorry there is so much) |
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Definition
Associated with Dawis and Lofquist
Aka “Person-Environment Correspondence”
Emphasizes the relationship between job satisfaction and work adjustment
Job satisfaction incorporates more than just job tasks—includes co-workers, supervisors, location, etc.
Achievement oriented individuals will be more concerned with “job satisfactoriness” while fulfillment oriented individual will be more concerned with job satisfaction |
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Term
| Gottfredson’s Developmental Stages |
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Definition
Ages 3-5: Orientation to Size and Power
Lays groundwork for sex-role stereotypes
Ages 6-8: Orientation to sex roles
Develops perceptions of what is “acceptable”
Ages 9-13: Orientation to social valuation
Develops awareness of social status
Ages 14+: Choices explored
Begins process of exploring and compromising |
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Term
Anne Roe's Formula of Occupational Choice--what did it emphasize?
(the long crazy one) |
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Definition
Emphasizes early childhood interactions with parents
Emphasizes the role that gender plays as a modifier in career choice |
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Term
| Define Gottfredson’s Theory of Occupational Aspirations |
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Definition
| Examines how career aspirations develop and how individuals narrow their career options and make choices along the way |
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Term
Gottfredson’s Theory of Occupational Aspirations
What are four basic assumptions? |
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Definition
career development process begins in childhood
career aspirations are attempts to implement one’s self concept
career satisfaction depends on the degree to which the career is congruent with self-perceptions
people develop occupational stereotypes that guide them in the selection process |
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Term
| According to Gottfredson, people develop cognitive maps of occupations that are organized along three dimensions: |
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Definition
masculinity/femininity of occupation
prestige of the occupation
fields of work |
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Term
Gottfredson’s Theory of Occupational Aspirations
What is a central concept, and what does it emphasize? |
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Definition
emphasizes the importance of the “social self” and “social identity” in relation to career choice
compromise is a central concept |
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Term
| Of the theories presented in the chapter, Super's developmental theory is probably the most parsimonious. |
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Definition
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Term
| Super and Brown proposed that values are major factors in Occupational choice. |
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Definition
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Term
| The importance of congruence between a person and the work environment was first identified by Frank Parsons. |
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Definition
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Term
| Groups of people who hold collateral social values believe that the welfare of the group should be paced ahead of that of the individual. |
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Definition
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Term
| Super has outlined a clear cut approach to career counseling based on his theory. |
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Definition
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Term
| It is probably more appropriate to refer to an individual's self-concepts than a global self-concept if Super is correct. |
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Definition
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Term
| Gottfredson rank orders the factors that influence career choice beginning with interests as the most important. |
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Definition
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Term
| Young girls are more likely than boys to take the sex-typing of occupations into account when stating their occupational preferences. |
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Definition
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Term
| John Holland's theory of vocational personalities and work environments has been incorporated into material used by the military and the US Department of Labor. |
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Definition
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Term
| The theory of work adjustment is most like Holland's theory than any of the others presented in Chapter 2. |
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Definition
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Term
| Define Brofenbrenner’s Ecological Theory: |
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Definition
| Not specifically a career theory—a theory of human development to be used as a lens through which career development can be understood |
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Term
| Name the four systems in Brofenbrenner’s Ecological Theory |
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Definition
Microsystem (individual)
Mesosystem (family, peer group, etc.)
Exosystem (friends of family, extended family, neighbors, workplace, media)
Macrosystem (the sum of broad ideologies of the socio-cultural group) |
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Term
Career Maturity (Super)
How is it developed, and how is it measured? |
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Definition
The goal of career counseling is the development of career maturity
Measured by the career development inventory (CDI) |
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Term
| Define Brown’s Values-Based Theory of Occupational Choice |
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Definition
Pg 37—An individual’s values are the basis for his or her self-evaluation and the evaluation of others, and they play a major role in the establishment of personal goals
Work values = values to be satisfied through work |
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Term
| What are some factors that interfere with the motivation to act on values? (From Brown's Values-Based Theory...) |
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Definition
| Mental health problems, history of personal/cultural group discrimination, lack of information, poverty, self-efficacy |
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Term
| What are some categories for values that we have? |
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Definition
Human nature (humans are good, bad, or neither)
Person-nature relationship
Self-control
Time orientation
Activity
Social relationships
Collateral
Allocentrism (important to put the group's concerns over the individuals) |
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Term
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Definition
| the process by which individuals incorporate the beliefs and values of their cultural group and form a values system |
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Term
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Definition
| using the values and beliefs of one culture |
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Term
| Bienculturation/multiculturalism |
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Definition
| occurs when two or more cultures are internalized |
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Term
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Definition
| involves the enculturation of beliefs from a cultural different from one's own |
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Term
Developmental Career Theory
Ginzberg & Associates (1951) |
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Definition
Useful for elementary school counselors
Provides a first look at early development with the role of play and fantasy
Pass through three stages: Fantasy, tentative, realistic |
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Term
| Talk more about the three stages that people pass through in Ginzberg & Associates Developmental Career Theory |
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Definition
Fantasy (occurs before age 11 and involves play and imagination)
Tentative (takes place from 11-12 and contains 4 subphases: interest, capacity, value, and transition)
Realistic (occurs 17-early 20s and contains three subphases: exploration, crystallization, specification) |
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Term
| Super’s Life-Span Life-Space Approach |
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Definition
Vocational development model
Difficult to empirically validate because of its comprehensiveness
Useful in understanding the developmental process and various life roles/stages |
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Term
Super's 14 Propositions
This is a long one and I wasn't sure how to break it up without it getting too messy.... |
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Definition
1.) People differ
2.) People are qualified for a number of occupations
3.) Each occupation requires a characteristic pattern of abilities and traits (with some tolerance for variety)
4.) Vocational preferences and competencies change with time and experience
5.) Process of change may be summed up in a series of life stages
6.) Nature of career pattern is determined by individual’s parental socioeconomic level, mental ability, education, skills, personality characteristics, career maturity, and opportunities to which they are exposed
7.) Success in coping with environmental demands depends on readiness of individuals to cope
8.) Career Maturity is a hypothetical construct
9.) Development through life stages can be guided
10.) Process of career development is developing and implementing occupational self-concepts
11.) Synthesis and compromise b/w individual and social factors is one of role playing and learning from feedback.
12.) Work satisfactions and life satisfactions depend on the extent to which the individual finds adequate outlets for skills, needs, values, etc.
13.) Degree of satisfaction people attain from work is proportional to the degree which they have been able to implement self-concepts (which is similar to Holland’s concept of congruence)
14.) Work and occupations provide a focus for personality organization for most people |
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Term
Career Development Inventory (CDI) (Super)
Measures six components in pursuit of career maturity |
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Definition
Career planning, career exploration, decision making, world-of-work information, knowledge of preferred occupations, and career orientation
These are based off of white folks though--it's a "white bread" theory Super that is |
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