Term
| Which side of the heart is bigger and stronger? |
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Definition
| Left- it has to pump blood to the whole body, whereas the right just pumps it to the lungs |
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Term
| The heart has _# chambers, and _# pumps. |
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Definition
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Term
| Systole/diastole are controlled by electrical waves from the ___ ___, aka the ___ ___. |
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Definition
| sinoatrial node; cardiac pacemaker |
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Term
| 3 ways a failing heart responds or compensates: |
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Definition
-increases heart rate (but fill time is too short)
-increases stroke volume (increase preload -> dilatory cardiopathy)
-increases muscle contraction strength (hypertrophic cardiomyopathy |
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Term
| What is dilatory cardiomyopathy? |
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Definition
| The failing heart compensates by increasing stroke volume, but this weakens cardiac muscle. Heart gets bigger but weaker, fluid gets into lungs. |
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Term
| What is hypertrophic cardiomyopathy? |
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Definition
| Cardiac muscle works harder and gets bulkier. Heart gets bigger/thicker but holds less blood. |
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Term
| Dilatory cardiomyopathy leads to... |
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Definition
|
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Term
| How many stages of heart disease are there? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Clinical Signs and Tx of Stage I Cardiac Disease |
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Definition
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Term
| Clinical Signs and Tx of Stage II Cardiac Disease |
|
Definition
CS= Cough
Tx= restricted Na, diuretic, bronchodilator |
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Term
| Clinical Signs and Tx of Stage III Cardiac Disease |
|
Definition
CS= cough, reduced exercise tolerance
Tx= Digitalis, diuretic, vasodilators |
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Term
| Clinical Signs and Tx of Stage IV Cardiac Disease |
|
Definition
CS= dyspnea at rest, aerophagia
Tx= O2, diuretics, sedatives, vasodilators |
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Term
| Positive inotropic drugs have what effect? |
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Definition
| add more force and power to the contraction |
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Term
| Example of a cardiac glycoside? |
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Definition
| digitalis (Digoxin, Cardoxin, Lanoxin) |
|
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Term
| Brand name for digitalis? |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
-significant anorexia -> lower dose!
-if combined with furosemide (Lasix), hypokalemia |
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Term
| Which positive inotropic drugs are considered short-acting, emergency drugs rather than therapeutic drugs? |
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Definition
| epinephrine and dobutamin (Dobutrex) |
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Term
| Brand name for dobutamin? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What is Dobutrex used for? |
|
Definition
-emergencies
-IV CRI during anesthetic crisis |
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Term
| What is the name of the newer positive inotropic drug that improves lifespan and quality of life for cardiac pts? |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| pre-ventricular contraction |
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Term
| What two drugs are used for PVCs? How do they differ? |
|
Definition
-Procainamide: long-term, at-home use, PO
-lidocaine: short-term, IV/IT during anesthetic crisis |
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Term
| Lidocaine comes in two forms: |
|
Definition
| with or without epinephrine |
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|
Term
| Brand name for propranolol? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is Inderal used for? |
|
Definition
-hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
-ventricular arrhythmias |
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Term
| What antiarrhythmic drug must a patient be weaned off of? |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
| Effects of nitroglycerine? |
|
Definition
-venodilator
-reduces preload
-reduces BP |
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Term
| Nitroglycerine is used to Tx: |
|
Definition
| pulmonary edema, CHF, leg swelling, laminitis |
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Term
| How is nitroglycerine applied? |
|
Definition
| Wear gloves, apply ointment by the inch. |
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Term
| What are angiotension I and II? |
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Definition
| Angiotension I converts to Angiotension II, which is a potent vasoconstrictor. |
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Term
| ACE inhibitor stands for... |
|
Definition
| Angiotension-Converting Enzyme Inhibitor |
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Term
| What do ACE inhibitors do? |
|
Definition
| Prevent angiotension I from converting to II. Thus, causes dilation of veins/arteries. |
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Term
| Captopril and enalapril are both what type of drug? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Brand name for captopril? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Brand name for enalapril? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| 4 advantages of ACE inhibitors: |
|
Definition
-heart beats more efficiently
-prevent fluid buildup in lungs
-lowers BP
-improves exercise tolerance |
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Term
| What drugs or treatments help with aerophagia? |
|
Definition
-bronchodilators amiophylline and theophylline
-oxygen supplementation |
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|
Term
| Things to remember when doing oxygen supplementation? |
|
Definition
-add water
-monitor temperature |
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|
Term
|
Definition
-centesis (draw out fluid with a needle- temporary fix)
-sedation
-antitussives
-aspirin to prevent blood clots |
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