Term
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Definition
1.Heart
2.Blood Vessels
Primary Function: Circulation of the blood to the lungs and body. |
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Term
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Definition
Weight:250-350g. 9-12oz. .7lbs.
Size:14cm long-9cm wide, 5.5"-3.5"
Lateral by Lungs, posterior by spine, anterior by sternum, apex inferior and lateral to the left. Base 2nd ICS, Apex 5th ICS. |
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Term
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Definition
| Location of the heart. Subdivision of the thoracic cavity, medial to the lungs. Between the sternum and vertebral column. |
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Term
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Definition
| Two upper chambers of the heart; receiving chambers. Thin walls, auricles, separated by Inter Atrial Septum. |
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Term
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Definition
| Two lower chambers of the heart; discharging chambers. Thick muscular walls, separated by Inter Ventricular Septum. |
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Term
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Definition
| Pericardium-1.Fibrous Pericardium 2.Parietal Layer of the Serous Pericardium 3.Pericardial Cavity(Serous Fluid)4.Visceral Layer of the Serous Pericardium (Epicardium) 5.Myocardium (cardiac muscle) 6.Endocardium |
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Term
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Definition
5-50cc(ml)
Prevents Friction |
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Term
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Definition
Inside lining of heart & valves.
Consists of epithelium & connective tissue. Protective inner lining. |
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Term
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Definition
| Middle layer. Striated Myocytes (muscle cells). Myocardial fibers contract rhythmically . Capillaries, lymph capillaries & nerve fibers. |
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Term
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Definition
| Outer Layer,visceral pericardium. Connective tissue covered by epithelium. Capillaries, lymph capillaries & nerve fibers. Protective covering and secretes serous fluid. |
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Term
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Definition
| Grooves on the surface of the heart, mark divisions of the chambers and contain major vessels. |
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Term
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Definition
Aka: Coronary Sulcus.
Horizontal-divides into top & bottom. |
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Term
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Definition
| (Anterior & Posterior) Vertical-left & right portions. |
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Term
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Definition
Receives blood from 4 pulm. veins.
Fills during systole. Narrow. Most posterior heart structure. |
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Term
| Features of Left Ventricle |
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Definition
| Elliptical/Bullet shapped. Smooth walled. Thickest/most muscular. Associated with Mitral Valve. Blood to body. |
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Term
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Definition
| Bicuspid (2 cusps). Scalloped on posterior leaflet. Anterior leaflet is longer. Chordae Tendonae. 2 papillary muscles;contract in systole. Open in diastole high pressure in LA, closed in systole high pressure in LV. |
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Term
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Definition
| No chordae tendonae or papillary muscles. 3 "cuplets" to catch reversing blood & close. Pressure changes close/open leaflets. |
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Term
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Definition
| Deoxygenated blood from; SVC,IVC, Coronary Sinus. Fills during systole, Broad appendage(Pectinate Muscle). |
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Term
| Features of Right Ventricle |
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Definition
| Triangle Shape. Most anterior heart structure. Trabeculated (jagged) walls. Thinner than LV. Associated with Tricuspid Valve. Blood to lungs. |
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Term
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Definition
| Tuble-like structure leading to Pulmonic Valve (outflow). |
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Term
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Definition
| 3 cusps. Chordae Tendonae. 3 papillary muscles;contract in systole. Open in diastole high pressure in RA, closed in systole high pressure in RV. |
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Term
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Definition
| No chordae tendonae or papillary muscles. 3 "cuplets" to catch reversing blood & close. Pressure changes close/open leaflets. |
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Term
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Definition
| Volume. The force exerted on the walls at the end of diastole. Determines force of contraction. Venous return up-Preload up. |
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Term
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Definition
| The resistance pressure against which the ventricle must pump. Determines the tension the myocardium must generate. |
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Term
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Definition
| The more blood that enters the ventricle during diastole, the more blood will be ejected during systole to a certain point. |
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Term
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Definition
| Forceā1/velocity. Muscle force up, velocity of fiber shortening down. |
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Term
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Definition
| Strength of contraction is related to heart rate. |
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Term
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Definition
| Amount of blood pumped out of the heart per minute. Normal CO for an adult is 4-8 L/min. CO=HR*SV |
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Term
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Definition
| The amount of blood forced out of the ventricle with one contraction (heartbeat). 70cc(ml) |
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Term
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Definition
| Contraction. RV/LV eject blood. RA/LA filling. AV/PV open; MV/TV closed. |
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Term
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Definition
| Relaxation. RV/LV filling. RA/LA eject blood. AV/PV closed; MV/TV open. Elastic Recoil=suction. 70% in early diastole from gravity/suction. 30% a-kick. |
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Term
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Definition
AO: 120/80 mmHg
LV: 120/10 mmHg
LA: 10 mmHg
PA: 25/10 mmHg
RV: 25/5 mmHg
RA: 5 mmHg |
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Term
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Definition
Annulus: Dense rings of connective tissue arround Pulm. Artery, Aorta & AV valves.
Septum: Dense connective tissue. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1st 2 branches: RCA: Right Coronary Artery, LCA: Left Coronary Artery or Left Main Coronary Artery. Ostia in the Sinuses of Valsalva. Fills during diastole. Coronary veins bring blood back to coronary sinus (AV Sulcus). |
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Term
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Definition
| % of blood ejected from the heart with each beat. Should be: EF>55% |
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Term
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Definition
| The period of time between early filling and a-kick when pressure in LA and LV equalize. |
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Term
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Definition
| Isovolumic Relaxation Time. All valves closed. End of systole, start of diastole. |
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Term
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Definition
| Isovolumic Contraction Time. All valves closed. End of diastole, start of systole. |
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Term
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Definition
A problem with the heart's structure and function due to abnormal heart development before birth.
Cyanotic: Lack of oxygenated blood;more complex.
Non-cyanotic: Less complex.
Mostly idiopathic. |
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Term
| Common Non-cyanotic Congenital Defects |
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Definition
Bicuspid Aortic Valve; Most common in adults.
Atrial Septum Defect; 2nd most common in adults.
Ventricular Septum Defect; Most common in children.
Patent Ductus Arteriosus; opening btwn Aorta & PA. |
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Term
| Common Cyanotic Congenital Defects |
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Definition
| Tetralogy of Fallot; Most common complex defect. Combo of: 1.VSD 2.Overriding aorta 3.Pulmonic Stenosis (PV is compressed) 4.Right Ventricular Hypertrophy |
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Term
| Ischemic Vascular Disease |
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Definition
| Clogging of arteries; restricted flow leads to ischemia. Can cause; Peripheral Vascular Disease, CVA, Heart Attack. |
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Term
| Hypertensive Heart Disease |
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Definition
High blood pressure. 140/90 3 connsecutive times.Primary:idiopathic.
Secondary: caused by meds or another condition. |
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Term
| Inflammatory Heart Disease |
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Definition
| Any disease of the heart caused primarily by inflammation. Infectious or autoimmune. |
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Term
| Major Categories of Inflammatory Heart Disease |
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Definition
Based on which tissue is inflammed.
Endocarditis,Myocarditis,Pericarditis & Pancarditis. |
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Term
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Definition
| Inflammation of the lining of the heart, infective or non-infective. Mostly in the valves. Acute; from Staph. Subacute; from Strep. Vegetation,Abcess,Fistula, |
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Term
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Definition
| A swelling and irritation of the pericardium also Pericardial Effusion (excessive serous fluid). Often idiopathic or viral. Usually doesn't leave permanent damage. |
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Term
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Definition
Inflammation of the myocardium, uncommon. Often from viral infection.
Can cause muscle damage; heart failure, irregular heartbeats, sudden death. |
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Term
| Rheumatic Fever/Heart Disease |
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Definition
| Can develop as a complication of inadequately treated strep throat. Pancarditis; permanent damage from inflammation. Marantic Vegetations(sterile) on leaflets, fusing and narrowing. Most common damge to Mitral Valve(stenosis). Valve Stenosis and Regurgitation. |
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Term
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Definition
| Chronic inflammatory disease. Can cause Endo,Myo,Peri, & Pancarditis. Libman-Sacks vegetation on valves. High risk of heart attacks & atherosclerosis. 40% get early Coronary Artery Diesease. |
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Term
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Definition
| Hardening & tightening of connective tissue. Overproduction of collagen in tissues. Scarring of heart tissue. Arrhythmias/conduction,CHF,Pericarditis. |
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Term
| Overview of Cardiac Pathology |
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Definition
| 1.Congenital Heart Disease 2.Ischemic Vascular Disease 3.Hypertensive Disease 4.Inflammatory Disease 5.Metabolic Disorders 6.Cardiomyopathies 7.Tumors 8.Valvular Disease. |
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Term
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Definition
| Too much sugar damages vessel walls. Risk of various cardiovascular problems: stroke,coronary artery disease, heart attack and narrowing of the arteries. |
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Term
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Definition
| A disease that weakens and enlarges heart muscle. 3 main types; Dilated, Hypertrophic, Restrictive. Makes it harder to pump blood and deliver it to the body. |
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Term
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Definition
| LV beomes enlarged, less forceful pumping,blood pools in the heart and not pumped to the body. Most common type, most end stage diseases lead to this. |
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Term
| Hyperthrophic Cardiomyopathy |
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Definition
| Abnormal thickening of heart muscle, mainly LV. Makes heart stiff and shrinks chamber size, less blood to body. |
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Term
| Restrictive Cardiomyopathy |
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Definition
| Heart muscle becomes rigid and less elastic, can't expand and fill right, less blood to the body. |
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Term
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Definition
Primary: Origin in heart. Benign or Malignant.
Metastatic: Spread to the heart. Malignant.
Can be in any cardiac tissue. |
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Term
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Definition
The most common valvular abnormalities:
Valvular Stenosis: Leaflet tissue becomes stiffer, narrowing the valve opening and reducing flow.
Valvular Insufficiency: Aka;regurgitation,incompetence,leaky, when leaflets don't close completely. |
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Term
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Definition
| Graphical Representation of changing pressures in the heart over time. |
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Term
| Congestive Heart Failure (CHF) |
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Definition
| A condition in which the heart's function as a pump to deliver oxygen rich blood to the body is inadequate to meet the body's demand. |
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Term
| Etiologies(Causes) of CHF |
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Definition
| CAD,Valve Disorders,Congenital defects,HTN,Cardiomyopathies,Diastolic Dysfunction & Hyperthyroidism |
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Term
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Definition
| Fatigue, Edema, Shortness of Breath, Exercise Intolerance & Increased Brain Natriuretic Peptide. |
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Term
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Definition
I: Asymptomatic w/ordinary activity.
II: Symptomatic w/ordinary activity.
III: Symptomatic w less than ordinary physical activity.
IV: Symptomatic at rest. |
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Term
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Definition
Most common form of heart failure.
Fluid may back-up into the lungs and cause SOB and pulmonary edema. |
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Term
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Definition
Often occurs as a result of left-sided.
Fluid may back up into abdomen(ascites), legs, & feet. Peripheral Edema. |
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Term
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Definition
| The ventricle can't contract vigorously enough, indicating a pump problem. |
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Term
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Definition
| The ventricle can't relax or fill fully. |
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Term
| Nervous System Compensatory Mechanisms for CHF |
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Definition
Sympathetic nervous system regulates or takes control.
Release epinephrine & norepinephrine;heart will pump more forcefully & faster. Helps to increase the amount of blood pumped out, initially helps to compensate for HF. |
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Term
| Renal Compensatory Mechanisms for CHF |
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Definition
Activation of renin-angiotensin system.
Increase amount of salt/water in kidneys. Increases volume of blood. Preload up, force of contraction up. After a certain amount stretching of heart weakens it. |
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Term
| Ventricular Hypertrophy Compensatory Mechanisms for CHF |
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Definition
Heart works harder, causes hypertrophy.
Thickened walls can contract more forcefully, eventually will become stiff worsening diastolic dysfunction. |
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Term
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Definition
| Valve Repair, CAD Repair, Pharmacologic, Pacemaker, Defibrillator, LVAD(mech. device for those awaiting transplant), Intra-aortic ballon pump, Transplant. |
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Term
| Blood Pressure/Arterial Pressure |
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Definition
| The pressure generated by the left ventricle for ejection of blood into the aorta. 120/80 mmHg. |
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Term
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Definition
| Pressure exceeds 140/90 mmHg. |
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Term
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Definition
Essential:Unknown cause, Drug Treatment
Secondary:
Renal, Kidney Disease, Treat Disease
Endocrine, Tumor, Surgery
Drugs, Decongestants, Discontinue |
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Term
| Blood Pressure Determinates |
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Definition
| Blood Volume,Cardiac Output, & Peripheral Resistance. Blood Pressure=Cardiac Output * PVR (Peripheral Resistance) |
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Term
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Definition
60-70% of human body is water. Hypovolumia; Low blood volume.
Hypervolumia; High blood volume. |
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Term
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Definition
| Blood volume low, kidney releases renin,renin converts angiostensin(in liver) to angiotensin I(some pressure changes), angiotensin I becomes angiotensin II in lungs because of angiotensin converting enzyme. Can act on blood vessels and stimulates Aldosterone (vasoconstrictor) causes kidney's to retain salt & there by water. |
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Term
| Blood Volume & PVR Maintenance |
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Definition
Autonomic Response; Baroreceptors, info to vasomotor center, decrease in BP= sympathetic response.
Hormonal Response; Adrenaline, Renin-Angiotensin.
Capillary Fluid Shift; Hydrostatic, Oncontic. |
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Term
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Definition
Cardiomegaly,Vascular Pathology (damage to vessel wall,renal ischemia),
Encephalopathy(acute/chronic ischemia of the brain), Hypertensive Stroke, Retinopathy(can lead to blindness). |
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Term
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Definition
| Abnormally high pressure in the arteries of the lungs due to increased pulmonary circulation or decreased vessel contractility/size. Right side of heart has to work harder. |
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Term
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Definition
| Idiopathic Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension. |
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Term
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Definition
| PHTN caused by another problem, left heart or lung disorder. |
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Term
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Definition
RVH;Right Vent. Hypertrophy
RVE;Right Vent. Enlargement
RAE;Right Atrial Enlargement
TR;Tricuspid Regurgitation
Flattened Intraventricular Septum
Paradoxical Septal Motion |
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Term
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Definition
| Process by which the bodyās white blood cells and chemicals protect us from infection and foreign substances such as bacteria and viruses |
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Term
| Cardinal Signs of Inflammation |
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Definition
Calor, Rubor, Tumor, Dolor,
Functio Laesa |
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Term
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Definition
Stimulus-Constriction-Dilation-Active Hyperemia-Increased Pressure(Edema)-
Slow down of circulation(Congestion)-
Hemodynamic Changes(RBC Rouleaux,
margination[move to walls] & pavementing[stick to walls] of WBC). |
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Term
| Mediators of Inflammation |
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Definition
Divided into two major groups:
Plasma derived
Cell derived
Substances necessary for the maintence of life processes. |
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Term
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Definition
Released from platelets and mast cells.
Stimulates retraction of endothelial cells of the venules-gaps-increased permeability. |
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Term
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Definition
Has a similar action as histamine.
Induces pain. Also acts on the clotting and fibrinolytic systems of the blood. |
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Term
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Definition
Rich in fluid, low in cells. Increased hydrostatic pressure. Decreased oncotic pressure of the plasma.
Obstruction of interstitial fluid drainage. Increase tissue hydration due to sodium retention. |
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Term
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Definition
| High in cells & proteins. Inflammatory edema. Primarily due to increased permeability of cell walls during inflammatory response. |
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Term
| Emigration of Leukocytes and Extravasation of Fluids |
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Definition
Increased permeability of vessel wall and increased pressure (transudate).
Emigration of leukocytes (exudate).
Diapedesis (movement out of cell) of leukocytes and their movement is a consequence of chemotaxis. |
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Term
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Definition
| Movement along the gradient of chemical attractants released by bacteria. |
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Term
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Definition
Attachment of the bacterium to the
Polymorphonuclear neutrophil. Engulfment of the bacterium. Formation of the phagocytic vacuole for ingestion. |
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Term
| Classification of Inflammations |
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Definition
Duration: Acute vs. Chronic
Etiology: Origin
Location: Local(contained) vs Systemic
Pathologic Features: Forms |
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Term
| Clinical Features of Inflammation |
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Definition
Localized symptoms: heat,redness,
swelling,pain,decrease of function.
Systemic symptoms:Fever,Leukocytosis(WBCs up) |
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Term
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Definition
Typical response to acute inflammation.
High temps are unbearable for pathogens & WBCs proliferate.
Caused by endogenous pyrogens
(substances secreted by specific cells of immune system). Act on the hypothalamus. Vasoconstriction to raise temp. Shiver so muscles produce heat. Then sweat to cool down. |
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Term
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Definition
First intention:
Vascularized connective tissue that is rich in cells of healing is present- granulation tissue.
The final structure will be a scar.
Secondary intention:
Wound contraction cannot be accomplished by myofibroblasts.
Granulation tissue will remain exposed
healing will be prolonged or may never completely heal |
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Term
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Definition
| The uncontrolled growth of cells whose proliferation cannot be adequately controlled by normal regulatory mechanisms in normal tissue. |
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Term
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Definition
| The scientific discipline concerned with cancer. |
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Term
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Definition
| The proliferation of neoplastic cells lead to the formation of masses, these masses are called tumors. |
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Term
| Histologic Classification of Tumors: Microscopic |
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Definition
Pathologist can classify the type of cells with a biopsy.
Benign-Uniform cell population.
All cells have the same features.
Malignant-Heterogeneous cell populations. Pleomorphism, Anaplasia. |
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Term
| Macroscopic Classification of Tumors |
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Definition
Benign tumors: Are often encapsulated,
compress adjacent tissue,sharp border.
Malignant Tumors: Lack a capsule.
Not clearly separated from normal tissue. Invade surrounding tissue. |
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Term
| Chromosomal Studies & Tumors |
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Definition
Benign: Normal number of chromosomes.
Malignant: Aneuploid (not normal). |
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Term
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Definition
Cell moves from one site to another in the body. 3 main pathways: Lymphatic,
Blood(hematogenous spread), Seeding the surface of body cavities. |
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Term
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Definition
Cells expand by successive division until they reach lymphatic system, blood vessels, or body cavity.
The fluid in these structures carry tumor cells from primary location to new site.
Cell attaches and forms new tumor mass. |
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Term
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Definition
| 60% of the total body weight is body fluid. 2/3 is intracellular. 1/3 is extracellular (blood plasma & interstitial fluid). |
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Term
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Definition
| A composite of the force provided by the heart, and the forces due to gravity. The force which "tries" to force the fluid out of the capillary. |
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Term
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Definition
| The plasma proteins can not normally leave the capillary, so they exert a pressure, which tends to draw fluid into the capillary. |
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Term
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Definition
Is an excess of fluid in the interstitial spaces or body cavities.
Localized: Can be in any organ or tissue;Cerebral Edema,Pulmonary Edema,
Ascites (Abdominal Cavity).
Generalized:Anasarca |
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Term
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Definition
| Inflammatory, Hydrostatic, Oncotic, Obstruction & Hypervolumic. |
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Term
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Definition
Exudate. Vessel permeability hyperemia.
Acute Inflammation. |
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Term
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Definition
| Transudate. Increase in artery pressure/venous backflow. Hypertension & heart failure. |
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Term
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Definition
| Transudate. Increased protein loss or decreased synthesis. Nephrotic Syndrome. |
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Term
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Definition
Transudate. Lymphatic obstruction.
Tumor. |
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Term
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Definition
| Transudate. Sodium retention. Hyperaldosteronism. |
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Term
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Definition
Accumulation of blood in peripheral circulation.
Active: Normal,caused by dilatation of arterioles.
Passive: Abnormal,congestion caused by increased venous back pressure. |
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Term
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Definition
Passage of blood outside cardiovas. system. External: out of body, reduced blood volume. Internal: blood fills cavities(Hemothorax,Hemopericardium),
forms hematomas(blood filled swelling or tumor). |
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Term
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Definition
State of hypoperfusion of blood within tissue. Caused by: Pump failure of heart. Loss of fluid from circulation.
Loss of Peripheral Vessel tone. |
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Term
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Definition
Resulting from pump failure.
Usually secondary to a large infarct.
Decreased ability to pump blood. |
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Term
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Definition
| Results from loss of circulatory volume. Hemorrhage. Water loss due to burns. |
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Term
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Definition
Results from vascular tonus.
Usually occurs with: Allergic reaction,
spinal cord injury, sepsis. |
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Term
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Definition
| Aka: Compensated Shock. Sympathetic response to up cardiac output. No organ failure. Tachycardia, Vasoconstriction, reduced urine, normal BP. |
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Term
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Definition
| Organ failure, BP drops, anoxia (lack of O2 blood to tissue), ARDS (Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome), pooling & congestion in venules, acidosis (waste build up). |
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Term
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Definition
| Hypoperfusion of vital organs, loss of function of vital organs, death. |
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Term
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Definition
| Hardening of the arteries. |
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Term
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Definition
A specific type of arteriosclerosis.
Refers to the buildup of fats in and on your artery walls (plaques).
Can restrict blood flow.
These plaques can also burst, causing a blood clot. |
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Term
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Definition
| First grossly visible lesion in the development of atherosclerosis. It appears as an irregular off white to yellow-white discoloration near luminal surface of artery.Consists of foamy appearing macrophage cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| An accumulation and swelling in artery walls that is made up of (mostly) macrophage cells, or debris, that contain lipids (cholesterol and fatty acids), calcium and a variable amount of fibrous connective tissue. |
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Term
| HDL (High Density Lipoprotein) |
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Definition
| "Happy"= Good. Enables lipids like cholesterol and triglycerides to be transported within the water-based bloodstream. More protein than cholesterol. |
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Term
| LDL (Low Density Lipoprotein) |
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Definition
| Bad. Enables lipids like cholesterol and triglycerides to be transported within the water-based bloodstream. More cholesterol than protein. |
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Term
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Definition
| Glycerol and three fatty acids. |
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Term
| Pathogenesis of Atherosclerosis |
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Definition
Injury. Influx of lipoproteins and platelets. Platelets cause proliferation of smooth muscle tissue in artery wall. Macrophages accumulate at the site. Macrophages and muscle cells convert to foam cells.
Repair of initial injury causes scarring and hardening of outside covering of atheroma(porridge like inside). In time, as cells die, this leads to extracellular calcium deposits between muscular wall and outer portion of atheromatous plaques. |
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Term
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Definition
Scar tissue is not enough to protect the integrity of the wall. Cause lipids inside to enter blood.
Highly thrombogenic.
In small vessels this is an immediate danger. |
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Term
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Definition
| Atheromas may cause aneurysms; wall becomes weak in large vessels. |
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Term
| Fixed Risk Factors for Atherosclerosis |
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Definition
Age (disease of old age)
Sex (men more than women)
Heredity |
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Term
| Changeable Risk Factors for Atherosclerosis |
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Definition
Lipid metabolism
HTN
Clotting Factor
Cigarette smoking
Behavior |
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Term
| Lipid Metabolism & Atherosclerosis |
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Definition
Refers to the processes that involve creation and degradation of lipids to produce energy. Elevated triglycerides and cholesterol correlates with the extent and severity of atherosclerosis.
Hyperlipidemia. |
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Term
| Hypertension & Atherosclerosis |
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Definition
Studies have show that hypertension correlates with atherosclerosis.
The high pressure compresses the intimal cells causing ischemia and cell death- initiating step.
Can be medically controlled. |
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Term
| Clotting Factor & Atherosclerosis |
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Definition
Fibrin, thrombin, platelets play an important role in initiation of atherosclerotic lesion. Poorly understood how this effects lesions.
Aspirin has been shown to reduce complications. |
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Term
| Cigarette Smoking & Atherosclerosis |
|
Definition
One of the most important risk factors.
Not well understood.
People who smoke have higher cholesterol and trigylercrides- alters lipid profile, with more LDL and less HDL.
The carbon monoxide and wastes can lead to injury of the endothelium . |
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Term
| Behavior & Atherosclerosis |
|
Definition
Stress may accelerate atherosclerosis.
Claims are not fully documented, so are not clinically accepted. |
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Term
|
Definition
Estrogen: Not sure of the mechanism of action.
Exercise: Sedentary people are almost twice as likely to suffer heart attacks as are people who exercise regularly. |
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Term
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Definition
As plaque builds up within the aorta, it becomes rigid and unable to expand with systolic pressure. They can dissect. Aortic rupture and exsanguination.
Ascending AO > 4 cm= aneurysmal.
Abdominal AO > 3cm = aneurysmal.
A value > 5 cm= indication for surgery. |
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Term
|
Definition
Fusiform: Narrow on both ends.
Saccular: Buldge.
Dissecting Aorta.
Psuedo Aneurysms: In tissue, constantly fed from a puncture. |
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Term
| Types of Dissections- DeBakey |
|
Definition
Type 2: Dissection confines to the ascending AO.
Type 3: Dissection confined to the descending AO
Type 1: Dissection throughout aorta
2+3 = 1
Ascending dissection= most fatal |
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Term
| Types of Dissections-Stafford |
|
Definition
Type A
Dissections of the ascending AO (1&2).
Type B
Dissections that do not include ascending AO (Type 3). |
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Term
|
Definition
| Walking, Aspirin, Anticoagulation, Stenting, Bypass Grafting. |
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Term
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Definition
Involves arteries that supply blood to extremities and major abdominal organs. Same risks as atherosclerosis. Usually effects legs more than arms.
Can be acute or chronic. Blockages cause ischemia to extremities/organs.
May cause gangrene. Ultimately amputation if not fixed. |
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Term
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Definition
| Caused by reduction of blood flow through the arteries. Appears gradually & progresses slowly. In most affected part does not become infected. Tissue becomes cold and black, begins to dry, and eventually sloughs off. |
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Term
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Definition
| Develops as a complication of an untreated infected wound. Swelling resulting from bacterial infection causes a sudden stoppage of blood flow. Cessation of blood flow facilitates invasion of muscles by bacteria & multiplication of bacteria because disease-fighting cells (white blood cells) cannot reach affected part. |
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Term
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Definition
Claudication: Pain in arms or legs that is relieved by resting.
Rest pain: Pain in lower extremities due to poor circulation. Pain increases with elevation.
Most likely arterial occlusion. |
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Term
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Definition
PVD test. Segmental pressures are taken starting with toes & moving up the leg.
Where the pressures drop is where the blockage would be |
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Term
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Definition
PVD test. Ankle Brachial Index compares the pressure in the arm to the pressure at the ankle.
The ratio should be above 1 to be normal. |
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Term
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Definition
| Dye is injected into femoral artery & is circulated through vessels. X-ray to see the narrowing of the vessel. This is gold standard when it comes to diagnosing PVD. |
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