Quinidine

Procainamide

Disopyramide

• Class IA anti arrhthmics
• Block Na channels (those that depolarize more frequently) and K channels
• Increase AP duration
• Uses: atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter, ventricular tachycardia
• Side effects
  • All: torsades
  • Q: cinchonism
  • P: Drug-induced lupus

Lidocaine

Tocainide

Mexiletine

• Class IB Antiarrhythmics
• Block both activated and inactivated Na channels
• Decrease duration of AP
• Uses: ventricular arrhythmias
• Side effects: cardiac arrhythmias

Flecainide

Encainide

Propafenone

• Class IC anti-arrhythmics
• Block Na channels
• Increase the AP duration
• Uses: severe refractory ventricular arrhythmias
• Side effects: life-threatening arrhythmias

Propranolol

Nadolol

• Non-selective β blockers
• Class II anti-arrhythmic
• Decrease heart rate and contractility
• Peripheral vasodilation
• Side effects:
  • Bronchoconstriction
  • Fasting hypoglycemia
  • Withdrawal hypertension

Labetalol

Cavidilol

• Non-selective β blockers and α₁ blockers
• Class II anti-arrhythmics

Metoprolol

Atenolol

• Selective β₁ blockers

Sotalol

Ibutilide

Bretylium

• Class III anti-arrhythmics
• K channel blockers
• Increase duration of AP --> Prolonged QT
• Uses: both atrial and ventricular arrhythmias
• Side effects: cardiac arrhythmias, including torsades

• Anti-arrhythmic agent with Na, Ca, and K channel blocking properties
• Uses: life-threatening atrial and ventricular tachycardias
• Side effects:
  • Pulmonary fibrosis
  • Hepatox
  • Thyroid dysfxn

Verapamil

Diltiazem

• Class IV anti-arrhthmics
• Ca channel blockers
  • Increase AP duration
  • Prolonged PR interval
• Uses:
  • Supraventricular tachycardia
  • Rate reduction in patients with atrial fibrillation
  • Hypertension
  • Angina

• Increases K efflux --> hyperpolarization
• Use: supraventricular tachycardia

• Probably effects ion conductance
• Uses: torsades, digoxin toxicity

• Inhibits Na/K ATPase --> decreased activity of Na/Ca exchanger --> increased intracellular Ca --> increased contractility
• Increases parasympathetic outflow to the SA and AV nodes --> decreased heart rates
• Uses:
  • Improve contractility in patients with left-sided heart failure
  • Atrial arrhythmias
• Side effects:
  • GI upset
  • Blurry, yellow vision
  • EKG changes
  • Arrhythmias

• Causes direct relaxation of arteriolar smooth muscle
• Uses
  • Hypertension
  • Heart failure
• Side effects
  • Reflex tachycardia --> angina
  • Drug-induced lupus
  Give with beta-blocker to prevent reflex tachycardia and/or diuretic to prevent fluid retention

• Directly dilates arteriolar smooth muscle by opening K channels --> hyperpolarization
• Use: refractory hypertension
• Side effect: Hair growth (Rogaine)

Nifidipine

Nicardipine

Amlodipine

• Ca channel blockers
• Uses:
  • Hypertension
  • Prinzmental's angina

Milrinone

Amrinone

• Inhibit phosphodiesterase isozyme III --> increased cAMP --> increase Ca --> increased contractility
• Use: acute heart failure
• Side effects
  • Nausea and vomiting
  • Cardiac arrhythmias
  • Thrombocytopenia

Captopril

Lisinopril

• ACE inhibitiors
• Uses:
  • Hypertension
  • Congestive heart failure
• Side effect: cough

• ARB
• Uses:
  • Hypertensino
  • Heart failure
• Contraindicated in pregnancy

• Osmotic diuretic
  • Acts at prox. tubule and descending loop of Henle
• Uses
  • Decrease intracranial or intraocular pressure
  • Acute renal failure
• Contraindicated in congestive heart failure because it may cause pulm. edema

Acetazolamide

Dozolamide

Brinzolamide

• Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
  • Work at prox. convoluted tubule
• Uses
  • Glaucoma
  • To alkalinize the urine
  • Treatment and prevention of high alititude sickness
• Side effects
  • Hypercloremic metabolic acidosis
  • Hypokalemia

Furosemide

Brumetanide

Torsemide

Ethacrynic acid

• Loop diuretics
  • Inhibit the coupled Na/K/2Cl cotransporter
  • Work in the thick ascending loop of Henle
• Uses
  • Heart failure
  • Hypertension
  • Hypercalcemia
• Side effects
  • Hypokalemia
  • Ototox
  • Hyperuricemia --> gout
  • Allergic reaction in pts. with sulfa allergy
  • Ethacrynic acid ok for allergy, gout

• Inhibits Na/Cl co-transporter
  • Works in the early distal convoluted tubule
• Uses
  • Hypertension
  • Heart failure
  • Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus
  • Recurrent kidney Ca stones
• Side effects
  • Hypokalemia
  • Hyperglycemia
  • Hypercalcemia

Triamterene

Amiloride

• K-sparing diuretics
  • Block sodium channels
  • Distal cortical colleting tubule
• Uses
  • Diuresis in patients with Addison's disease
  • Combination with other medications for HTN
• Side effects
  • Hyperkalemia

• Aldosterone antagonist
  • Cortical collecting tubule and late distal tubule
• Uses
  • Hyperaldosteroneism
  • Hypetension
  • Hirsutism
• Side effects
  • Hyperkalemia
  • Gynecomastia

• Centrally acting α₂ agonist --> decreases adrenergic outflow
• Use: HTN
• Does not decrease renal bloodflow--> good from co-existing HTN and renal disease

• Centrally acting α₂ agonis --> decrease adrenergc outflow
• Use: HTN
• Side effects:
  • Rebound HTN on withdrawl
  • Sedation
• Does not decrease renal blood flow --> good for co-existing HTN and renal disease

Prazosin

Doxazosin

• Selective α₁ antagonist --> vasodilation --> decrease blood pressure
• Uses
  • HTN
  • Benign prostatic hypertrophy
• Side effects
  • First dose syncope
  • Epinephrine reversal

Pravastatin

Simvastatin

Atorvastatin

• HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors
  • Decrease cholesterol synthesis
  • Increase LDL receptors on hypatocytes
• Use: hyperlipidemia
  • Decrease total cholesterol and LDLs
• Side effects
  • Myopathy
  • Abnormal LFTs
  • Contraindicate in pregnancy

Cholestyramine

Colestipol

• Inhibit reabsorption of bile acids
  • Increased conversion of cholesterol to bile acids
• Use: decreases LDL levels
• Side effects:
  • GI upset
  • Impaired absorption of fat-soluble vitamins
  • Impaired absorption of warfarin, digoxin, tetracyclines, thiazide diuretics

• Stimulates lipoprotein lipase
• Use: decrease TG levels
• Side effects
  • GI upset
  • Gallstones
  • Myositites
  • May displace warfarin from plasma proteins --> increased effect

• Decreases lypolysis in adipose tissue
  • Increased HDL
  • Decreased LDL
• Side effect: flushing