Term
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Definition
WHERE TO PALPATE? Prominent caudal projection in the carpus ASSOCIATED STRUCTURES Articulates with styloid process of ulna and ulnar carpal bone. Insertion of extensor carpi ulnaris |
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Term
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Definition
WHERE TO PALPATE? The protuberance at the distal end of the spine of scapula NEIGHBOURING STRUCTURES Origin of deltoideus muscle Forms part of spine of scapula |
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Term
Aortic valve (puncta maxima for auscultation) |
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Definition
WHERE TO PUT THE STETHOSCOPE? High (just below the horizontal plane of the shoulder joint) in the left fourth intercostal space WHAT IS THE AORTIC VALVE The valve allowing the passage of blood from the left ventricle to the aorta NEIGHBOURING STRUCTURES Left ventricle and aorta, aortic sinus (sinus just past aortic valve where the coronary arteries originate) |
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Term
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Definition
WHERE TO PALPATE The joint between the C1 atlas and the occipital bone at the caudo-ventral aspect of the skull. WHAT IS THE RANGE OF MOVEMENT OF THIS JOINT It is a ginglymus (hinge) joint which does flexion and extension. ASSOCIATED FEATURES The atlanto-occipital joint is strengthened by dorsal and ventral atlanto-occipital membranes. These pass from the arches of the atlas to the corresponding parts on the foramen magnum (foramen in the caudo-ventral aspect of the skull). Also strengthened by the lesser lateral ligaments which pass between the atlas and adjacent regions on the skull. |
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Term
Autonomous skin zone fibular (peroneal) nerve |
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Definition
This is hard to explain, so it's better to look at it in a picture. See Evans & DeLahunta 'Guide To The Dissection Of The Dog' page 251 / Dyce page 476 / Anatomy I Lab Guide page 10.10 WHAT DOES THIS ZONE OVERLIE Overlies the tarsal flexors - cranial tibial, long digital extensor, peroneus longus |
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Term
Autonomous skin zone radial nerve |
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Definition
For diagram of extent of skin zone see Anatomy I Lab Guide page 4.8 / Dyce 464 / Evans & DeLahunta 'Guide To The Dissection Of The Dog' page 167 MUSCLES SUPPLIED BY RADIAL NERVE IN THIS ZONE Triceps brachii, extensor carpi radialis, common digital extensor, supinator, lateral digital extensor, abductor pollicis longus and ulnaris lateralis FUNCTION OF THESE MUSCLES Extensors of the elbow, carpus and digits (except ulnaris lateralis, which is a carpal flexor) |
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Term
Autonomous skin zone tibial nerve |
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Definition
WHERE TO PALPATE This is hard to explain, so it's better to look at it in a picture. See Evans & DeLahunta 'Guide To The Dissection Of The Dog' page 251 / Dyce page 476 / Anatomy I Lab Guide page 10.10 MUSCLES SUPPLIED BY TIBIAL NERVE IN THIS ZONE Gastrocnemius, superficial digital flexor, deep digital flexor, popliteus FUNCTION OF THESE MUSCLES Tarsal extensors and digital flexors |
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Term
Autonomous skin zone ulnar nerve |
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Definition
WHERE TO PALPATE For diagram of extent of skin zone see Anatomy I Lab Guide page 4.8 / Dyce 464 / Evans & DeLahunta 'Guide To The Dissection Of The Dog' page 167 MUSCLES SUPPLIED BY ULNAR NERVE IN THIS ZONE Flexor carpi ulnaris and deep digital flexor FUNCTION OF THESE MUSCLES Flexors of the carpus and digits |
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Term
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Definition
WHERE TO PALPATE? The cranial aspect of the brachium, from supraglenoid tubercle (distal scapula) to ulnar and radial tuberosities (proximal antebrachium) INNERVATION OF BICEPS BRACHII Musculocutaneous nerve FUNCTION OF BICEPS BRACHII Elbow flexor, shoulder extensor |
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Term
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Definition
WHERE TO PALPATE? The brachialis muscle arises from the proximocaudal humerus and runs around the brachialis groove laterally to insert on the radial and ulnar tuberosities (proximal antebrachium). So the brachialis muscle spirals around the leg, from caudal at its origin to being cranial in its insertion, since it inserts next to the insertion of the biceps brachii m. INNERVATION OF BRACHIALIS Musculocutaneous nerve FUNCTION OF BRACHIALIS Elbow flexor |
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Term
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Definition
WHERE TO PALPATE The medial and lateral corners of the eyes WHAT ARE THE CANTHI The point where the upper and lower eyelids meet ASSOCIATED STRUCTURES In the medial canthus is the nictitating membrane and the dorsal and ventral lacrimal ducts. |
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Term
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Definition
WHERE TO PALPATE? On the right side of the dog in the fourth intercostal space around ¼ to 1/3 of the way dorsal to the sternum WHAT IS THE CARDIAC NOTCH Space between the cranial and middle lobes of the right lung ASSOCIATED STRUCTURES The cardiac notch lies above the right ventricle of the heart |
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Term
Carpus; levels of articulation, joint landmarks and degree of motion |
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Definition
The carpus consists of three main joints, the antebrachiocarpal, middle carpal and carpometacarpal joints (proximal to distal), allowing for flexion and extension and some lateral movement. The degree of motion ranges from “a lot” to “some” to “very little”, respectively (Pasquini et al). The dog has 7 carpal bones, the proximal row consisting of the radius and ulnar carpal bone, with the accessory carpal bone projecting palmar to the carpus articulating with the ulnar carpal (It is the only carpal bone to which muscles attach – flexor carpi ulnaris and extensor carp ulnaris.) The distal row consists of 4 bones numbered 1 to 4 medially to laterally. Landmarks in the region are the accessory carpal bone and carpal pad (aka as astopper bone and pad), and the malleoli of the wrist (the distal |
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Term
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Definition
Gastrocnemius, consists of two heads (lateral and medial) and enclose the Superficial digital flexor, forming the caudal bulge of the leg (calf). Deep digital flexors (Lateral digital flexor & Medial digital flexor) Popliteus rotates the crus medially Innervation via tibial nerve |
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Term
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Definition
A large subcutaneous vein, it drains much of the blood from the palmar aspect of the paw. It runs over the medial aspect of the radius and reaches the dorsal aspect at the distal 1/3 the forarm at which point it is joined by the accessory cephalic vein. It maintains it’s cranial aspect until it reaches the elbow where it’s course becomes more lateral. It drains into the external jugular vein near the thoracic inlet. At the forearm it is a commonly used site for venipuncture. The radial nerve runs alongside the cephalic vein in the forearm. |
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Term
Collateral ligaments - elbow |
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Definition
The lateral and medial collateral ligaments are pronounced thickenings of the joint capsule of the elbow. The medial collateral ligament is covered by the biceps and brachialis tendons however both collateral ligaments should be palpatable. These tight ligaments prevent adduction and abduction of the elbow. Note that rotation at the elbow occurs at the radioulnar joint. |
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Term
Common calcanean tendon + 2 major components |
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Definition
The common calcanean tendon is the major tendon running proximal to the hock joint on the caudal aspect of the leg, and is known as the Achilles tendon on us fools. The two heads (medial and lateral) of the gastrocnemius muscle form the major component of the calcanean tendon, this muscle inserts on the calcanean tuber. The second major component is from the superficial digital flexor, this muscle flattens and passes over the calcanean tuber to insert on the middle phalanges. (The biceps femoris, semitendinosus and the semimebranosus also contribute) |
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Term
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Definition
Junction of dorsal boney and ventral cartilaginous parts of (all 13) rib. Site of expansion in rapidly growing animal. The cartilage either meets the bony rib at an angle or is flexed cranioventrally distal to the junction. |
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Term
Craniolateral and caudomedial antebrachial m. groups |
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Definition
Craniolateral Extensor carpi radialis Common digital extensor Lateral digital Extensor Extensor carpi ulnaris (Ulnaris lateralis) Supinator Abductor pollicis longus Caudomedial Pronator teres Flexor carpi radialis Superficial digital flexor Flexor carpi ulnaris Deep digital flexor Pronator quadratus |
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Term
Craniolateral crural m. group |
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Definition
Cranial tibial flexes tarsus, rotates paw laterally Long digital extensor Peroneus longus flexes tarsus, rotates paw medially |
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Term
Craniolateral crural m. group |
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Definition
Location: Extent: Fuction: Neighbouring structures: |
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Term
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Definition
On the lateral side of the humerus a ridge extends from the greater tubercle. Distally it thickens to form the deltoid tuberosity. This is the site of insertion of the deltoid muscle. Easily palpated. |
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Term
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Definition
Numbered medially to laterally. The main digits in fore and hind paw are digits II to V and have 3 phalanges. Digit I in the forepaw has 2 phalanges but in the hind paw has none (only a remnant metatarsal bone present). There is some confusion over nomenclature. Our lab guide says strictly only digit I of the hindpaw should be called a dewclaw however both Evans & DeLaHunta and Dyce et al use this term for both. Dewclaws are commonly removed surgically. |
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Term
Dorsal spinous process of the axis |
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Definition
The axis, the second cervical vertebrae (Atlas is C1) has an elongated ridge-like spinous process. The nuchal ligament attaches to the spine of the axis caudally. The axis is also notable for the Dens, a the peg-like cranial projection forming a pivot joint with the atlas. |
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Term
Elbow joint and landmarks |
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Definition
A hinge joint compromised of the condyles of the humerus, the head of the radius and the trochlear notch of the ulnar encased by a joint capsule. The lateral and medial collateral ligaments are pronounced thickenings of the capsule. The joint allows for flexion and extension. Some rotation occurs at the radioulnar joint. The bony landmarks of the elbow are the medial and lateral epicondyle of the humerus and the olecranon process of the ulnar. The collateral ligaments should also be palpatable. |
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Term
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Definition
Formed near the angle of the jaw by the union of the linguofacial and maxillary veins. On the neck, it is found within the jugular groove formed by the brachiocephalicus dorsally, and lies on the sternocephalicus in the dog. It is one of the primary sites for intravenous blood sampling as well as IV administration of drugs. |
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Term
External occipital protuberance |
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Definition
- Location- mid-dorsally where interparietal bone is fused to occipital at the caudal end of the sagittal crest.
- refer to p.261 in Dog dissection guide.
- Palpable landmark, on dorsal, caudal region of skull. |
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Term
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Definition
-Supplies: all superficial mm. of the head & face, as well as caudal
belly of the digastricus m., and the platysma m of the neck.
oCaudal auricular branch to platysma
o Internal auricular nn (caudal, middle, rostral) to respective regions of ear.
oRostral auricular n & plexus to dorsal region of face, including eye mm
oDorsal & ventral (to parotid duct, near ventral border of masseter)
oBuccal branches to upper & lower jaw regions – innervate mm of cheek, upper & lower lip, and lateral surface of nose.
oSmall (not named) branch to digastricus m
-Location: enters the petrosal part of temporal bone through
internal acoustic meatus, courses through facial canal of that bone,
and leaves the skull at the stylomastoid foramen just caudal to the
external acoustic meatus, where it divides into several branches.
- Refer to p.294-296 in Dog dissection guide for more detail.
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Term
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Definition
Location: subcutaneous on the medial aspect of the hind limb, towards the groin. It lies within the femoral triangle.
Palpation & taking pulse: femoral a. can be found by locating
pectineus m (fusiform swelling) – directly cranial to this the artery
can be found
Refer to Fig. 186, p.233 in Dog dissection guide.
Femoral a. is first choice for evaluation of circulation in carnivores.
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Term
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Definition
Location: rostral to parietal bone
Rostral to frontal bone are: nasal bone, maxilla, incisive bone
Ventrally bordered by: lacrimal & palatine bones, sphenoid complex
(rostral to caudal)
Medial to zygomatic arches
Refer to p. 252-254 in Dig dissection guide
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Term
Greater trochanter of the femur |
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Definition
Location – largest eminence of proximal extremity, on lateral side Directly lateral to the head of the femur
Palpable
Function – attachment for middle & deep gluteal mm |
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Term
Greater tubercle of humerus |
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Definition
Location – craniolateral part of proximal extremity
Convex at its summit & in most breeds: higher than the head of the humerus
Continued distally in body of humerus by crest of the greater tubercle
Palpable
Function – receives insertions of supraspinatus & infraspinatus &
part of deep pectoral mm. |
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Term
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Definition
- caudal muscles of the thigh
- include: biceps femoris m, semitendinosus m, semimembranosus m
- innervation: ischiatic (sciatic) nerve
- function: extend hip, flex stifle, extend hock (semimembranosus does
not extend hock)
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Term
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Definition
Ball & socket joint
-Main movements are flexion & extension
-Joint capsule – passes from neck of femur to a line peripheral to
the acetabular lip
Associated ligaments:
o Lig. of the femoral head – extends from acetabular fossa to the
fovea capitis, covered by synovial membrane.
o Transverse acetabular lig. – extends from one side of acetabular
notch to opposite side; located at ventrocaudal aspect of acetabulum &
continues acetabular lip – which deepens acetabulum by forming a
fibrocartilaginous border around it.
Location – via palpable landmarks: greater trochanter of femur. Can
also locate & palpate: ischiatic tuberosity, wing of ilium.
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Term
Infraorbital foramen and nerve |
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Definition
Infraorbital foramen
o Location: dorsal to the 3rd premolar tooth
o Rostral opening of the infraorbital canal
oRefer to Fig. 201, 204, p.253, 256 in Dog dissection guide Infraorbital nerve – branch of maxillary n (sensory) which is a
branch of CN V(trigeminal)
o Sensory
o Continuation of the maxillary n in the pterygopalatine fossa
o Enters infraorbital canal through maxillary foramen
• Along course through canal it gives off superior alveolar branches –
supply roots of teeth of upper arcade, via alveolar canals
o Emerges from canal via infraorbital foramen
• Divides into no. of fasciculi – distributed to skin & adjacent
structures of upper lip & nose. |
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Term
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Definition
Innervation: suprascapular nerve
Function: Extend or flex shoulder joint (depending on degree of extension or joint position when m. contracts)
Abduct shoulder
Rotate arm laterally & provide lateral stability to shoulder joint
Origin – infraspinatus fossa
Insertion – small area on greater tubercle of humerus |
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Term
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Definition
Location: on hip bone (ischium = caudal part of os coxae)
Thick caudolateral margin of hip bone
Function: attachment of several muscles & ligaments
-sacrotuberous lig.
-ventral surface is place of origin for: hamstring muscles
• biceps femoris m
• semitendinosus m
• semimembranosus m
- medially – attachment of crus of penis and muscle surrounding it
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Term
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Definition
Location: ventral to zygomatic process of frontal bone
Function: secretes serous fluid into dorsolateral part of
conjunctival sac, via many duct openings
Refer to Fig.249, p.305 in Dog dissection guide
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Term
Larynx and hyoid apparatus |
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Definition
Refer to Fig.224, 226, p.278,281 in Dog dissection guide
Location: ventral in neck
-palpable through laryngeal mucosa 4 cartilages:
o epiglottic
o thyroid
o arytenoid
o cricoid
Laryngeal mm:
o cricothyroid m – tenses vocal fold. Innervated by cranial laryngeal
n (branch of vagus)
o cricoarytenoideus dorsalis m – opens glottis
o cricoarytenoideus lateralis m – closes glottis
o thyroarytenoideus m – relax vocal fold & constrict glottis
• vocalis m – medial division of thyroarytenoideus m
Hyoid apparatus
o stabilise tongue & larynx by suspending them from skull
o extends from mastoid process of skull to thyroid cartilage of larynx
o consists of:
• tympanohyoid cartilage
• and articulated bones:
• stylohyoid
• epihyoid
• ceratohyoid
• basihyoid (not paired)
• thyrohyoid
• all paired except basihyoid
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Term
Lateral and medial epicondyles of the humerus |
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Definition
Lateral: · Enlarged distolateral end of humerus · “extensor epicondyle” · Origin for m. extensor digitorum communis, m. extensor digitorum lateralis and m. ulnaris lateralis Medial: · “flexor epicondyle” · Origin to m. flexor digitorum superficialis, m.flexor digitorum profundus, m. flexor carpi ulnaris and m. flexor carpi radialis · Distomedial end of humerus |
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Term
[image] Lateral Saphenous Vein |
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Definition
· Cranial and caudal branches anastomose to become the lateral saphenous vein. · Lies laterally on hindlimb, superficial · Runs dorsally to popliteal lymph node · Can be occluded proximally for intravenous injection |
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Term
Left AV valve (puncta maxima for auscultation) |
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Definition
· Left atrioventricular valve · In the intercostal space between the 5th and 6th ribs on left side · produces low 'lup' sound (first heart sound) · Circled in blue |
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Term
Line of pleural reflection (costal pleura -> diaphragmatic pleura) |
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Definition
Costodiaphragmatic Recess: · Where the diaphragmatic pleura reflects acutely onto the costal pleura · The two pleura are in contact with each other Pleural Cupula: · Apical portion of cranial pleura that extends cranial to the first ribs at the thoracic inlet Can be located externally on the last 3 ribs, a finger width inside the costal arch |
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Term
Locate and name all joints |
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Definition
1. Accessory carpal joint - between accessory carpal bone and ulnar carpal bones 2. Antebrachiocarpal joint - between radius and ulna and the proximal row of carpal bones 3. Atlantoaxial joint - between dens of axis and the atlas 4. Atlanto-occipital joint - between atlas and the paired occipital condyles (mammals, a single condyle in birds) 5. Carpal Joint - several joints in the carpus (includes antebrachiocarpal, middle carpal, carpometacarpal, intercarpal, intermetacarpal and accessory carpal joints) 6. Carpometacarpal joint - between distal row of carpal bones and metacarpal bones 7. Costochondral joints - joints between ribs and their cartilages 8. Costovertebral joints - between ribs ad the vertebral column 9. Distal interphalangeal joint (aka Coffin joint) - between the middle and distal phalanges 10. Ear ossicle joints - joints between the 3 ear ossicles 11. Elbow joint - between humerus, radius and ulna 12. Femoropatellar joint - between the patella and the trochlea of the femur 13. Femorotibial joint - between the paired femoral and tibial condyles 14. Fetlock joint - metacarpophalangeal and metatarophalangeal joints in ruminants 15. Hip joint - between head of the femur and the acetabulum of hip bone 16. Intercarpal joints - between the lateral and medial surfaces of the carpal bones 17. Intermandibular joint - between the two halves of the mandible (madibular symphysis) 18. Intermetacarpal joints - joints between the proximal ends of the metacarpals 19. Knee joint - refering to the stifle or the carpal joints 20. Metacarpo-/Metatarso- phalangeal joints - between distal ends (heads) of metacarpals and proximal phalanges 21. Proximal interphalangeal joints - joints between proximal and middle phalanges 22. Sacroiliac joint - between articular surfaces of the wings of the ilium and the sacrum 23. Shoulder (humeral) joint - between the glenoid of the scapula and the head of the humerus 24. Sternal joints - between adjacent sternebrae 25. Sternocostal joints - between costal cartilages and the sternum 26. Stifle joint - between femur, tibia and patella 27. Tarsal joints (hock) - between tibia/fibula with the tarsal bones 28. Temporomandibular joint - between condylar process of mandible and the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone |
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Term
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Definition
2- 3 lymph nodes lie caudoventral to the angle of the jaw parotid and mandibular lymph nodes share drainage of lymph of head drains into the medial retropharyngeal lymph node
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Term
Mandibular salivary gland and duct |
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Definition
gland lateral on head, caudal to angle of mandible. Duct runs in sublingual fold, ventral to mucus membrane on floor of mouth, opens at sublingual caruncle. Gland produces a mixed mucus and serous secretion which drains through the duct into the mouth. |
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Term
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Definition
– most cranial part of sternum, palpatable at root of neck. Sites of origin of sternocephalic, sternohyoideus and sternothyroideus muscles. |
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Term
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Definition
– a superficial muscle that originates from the zygomatic arch and facial crest, and inserts on the lateral face of the mandible (ramus and angular process). Innervated by the mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve. It functions to close the jaw. |
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Term
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Definition
the principal bone of the upper jaw, formed from two identical parts that meet in the midline of the face. Houses the canine and cheek teeth and the maxillary sinus. Forms the floor of the orbits for the eyes, the sides of the nasal cavity and the hard palate. |
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Term
Medial and lateral epicondyles of the femur |
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Definition
Bony protuberances located medially and laterally on the distal end of the femur. The proximal attachments of the collateral ligaments that support the stifle by preventing rotation and abduction/adduction. |
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Term
Medial and lateral malleoli (tibia and fibula) |
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Definition
Medial one located on distal end of tibia, lateral one on distal end of fibula and often fused to the tibia in older dogs . Lateral malleoli has grooves for the tendons of the fibularis longus, fibularis brevis and extensor digitorium lateralis muscles that pass over it. Origins of collateral ligaments the support the hock. |
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Term
Medial and lateral styloid processes (radius and ulna) |
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Definition
Medial one located on the distal end of the radius, lateral one on distal end of the ulna. Origins of the collateral carpal ligaments the support the carpus. |
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Term
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Definition
The medial saggital crest is a median ridge formed by the junction of the parietal and interparietal bones. It extends rostrally from the external occipital protuberance. |
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Term
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Definition
-3 mental foramina in the mandible of the dog. The 3 mental foramina (rostral, mental and caudal) are located on the rostral most aspect of the lateral side of the mandible, and are a continuation of the mandibular canal, which has a caudal opening at the mandibular foramen. The mandibular canal is located in the ramus and body of the mandible, and transmits the inferior alveolar artery and vein as well as the inferior alveolar nerve. The mental foramina are where the mental branches of the inferior alveolar nerve and vessels. The mental nerves supply sensory information to the adjacent lower lip and chin. (Trigeminal Nerve->Mandibular Nerve->Inferior alveolar nerve->Mental nerves) Though covered by muscle, the mental nerves can be palpated, compressed, and blocked at emergence. |
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Term
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Definition
5 metacarpal bones, all are long bones (type, not size) and have a slender body and large extremities. The proximal extremity is the base, the distal extremity is the head. Numbered 1-5 from medial to lateral. All articulate proximally with corresponding carpals, with the exception of the fifth metacarpal, which articulates with the fourth carpal. Distally, all articulate with the corresponding proximal phalanges. Interosseous muscles largely fill the intermetacarpal spaces palmar to the metacarpal bones. First metacarpal is atypical in that it is vestigial, despite being present in all breeds (unlike the fifth metatarsal). |
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Term
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Definition
| First metatarsal is rudimentary in the dog, and only a few breeds consistently possess a "dewclaw" in the hind limb. Overall, the metatarsals are highly similar to the metacarpals. They are numbered I->V medially->laterally. Metatarsals I->III articulate proximally with their corresponding tarsals, whereas both metatarsal IV and V articulate proximally with the fourth tarsal bone. |
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Term
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Definition
The beginning of the nasolacrimal duct, just medial to the medial canthus of the eye, is slightly enlarged, which forms the lacrimal sac. The nasolacrimal duct runs rostrally, at first within the thickness of the maxilla then on the internal surface of the maxilla, where it is covered by nasal muscosa. In some species the nasolacrimal duct ends at the nostril, in other more deeply into the nasal cavity. The nasolacrimal duct effectively drains the eye. |
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Term
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Definition
Located between the lacrimal caruncle and the eyeball, the nicitating membrane is a dorsoventrally oriented conjuctival fold. -Covered in conjuctiva on both sides, is invisible when eye is closed. -Supported by a T-shaped piece of cartilage (bar lies in free edge of fold, stem points back into the orbit medial to the eyelid) (Stem of the cartilage is surrounded by an additional lacrimal gland, the gland of the 3rd eyelid) -Kept retracted by the orbitalis m. under sympathetic control -When the eyeball is retracted or pushed into the orbit, it becomes visible. -Functions to provide added protection to the eye. |
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Term
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Definition
-Proximal extremity of the ulna extending beyond the articular surface also known as the point of the elbow -Gives attachment to the triceps brachii, anconeus, and tensor fasciae antebrachii. The ulnar portions of the flexor carpi ulnarus and deep digital flexor arise from the medial surface of the olecranon. -Serves as a lever arm for the extensor muscles of the elbow. |
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Term
Orbit and orbital ligament |
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Definition
-The conical cavity in which the eye and adnexa is situated, formed by the frontal, lacrimal, and zygomatic bones. -The lateral margin of the orbit is formed by the orbital ligament, which eextends from the frontal process of the zygomatic bone to the zygomatic process of the frontal bone. -The medial wall of the orbit is formed by the orbital surfaces of the frontal, lacrimal, presphenoid and palatine bones. |
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Term
Pad names and corresponding joints |
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Definition
In the dog, the digital and metacarpal (and metatarsal) pads contact the ground, there is an accessory carpal pad of no obvious use, which lacks a corresponding tarsal pad. Accessory carpal pad—AKA stopper pad, located on the palmar aspect of the forepaw, located above the accessory carpal bone. Basically, the pads overlie the joints they're named for: the digital pad overlies the distal interphalangeal joints, the metacarpal pads overlie the metacarpophalangeal joints, and the metatarsal pads overlie the metatarpophalangeal joints. |
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Term
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Definition
The parietal bone is paired, and along with the paired frontal bones it forms the dorsum of the braincase. The parietal bones each join the frontal bones rostrally and they meet medially, to be bordered caudally by the occipital bone. Basically, the parietal bones are toward the caudal, dorsal surface of the head. |
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Term
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Definition
Lies between the mandibular gland and the ear. It is closely located to the base of the auricular cartilage of the ear. The secretions from this gland are important in moistening and softening food. (There is also a small parotid lymph node on the rostral border of the gland) The parotid duct is formed by converging radicles which unite and leave the rostral border of the gland. It continues in a groove on the masseter muscle, and opens into the vestibule in the mouth on a small papilla at the level of the caudal margin of the 4th upper premolar. |
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Term
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Definition
A sesamoid developed within the insertion of the quadriceps femoris. Serves to prevent tendon wear and increase the leverage exerted by the muscle. Articulates with the trochlea of the femur. |
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Term
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Definition
Extends from the patella to the tibial tuberosity. It is the distal end of the tendon of insertion of the quadriceps. |
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Term
Phalanges; proximal, middle and distal. |
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Definition
-The four main digits have proximal, middle and distal phalanges, each with a base, body and distal head. -The first digit (pollex) has only proximal and distal phalanges. -The proximal phalanx articulates with the metacarpal bones by the metacarpophalangeal joint. -The metacarpophalangeal joint and the interphalangeal joints flex and extend to allow movement. |
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Term
Pinna and external ear canal |
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Definition
Pinna is the “ear”. It is shaped like a funnel. Distally it is wide open to receive the sound, and proximally it is rolled up to form a tube that bends medially for connection with the ear canal. The canal leads from the base of the pinna to the eardrum, and contains glands which secrete wax to catch dust. |
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Term
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Definition
The point at which, cranially, the costal and mediastinal portions of the pleura come together within the thoracic cavity to form a dome. When this combined pleura extends beyond the first rib, it is of concern as it is then vulnerable to injurty. |
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Term
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Definition
Lies in the fat caudal to the stifle and is the most peripheral lymph node. It drains the distal part of the limb and directs efferent flow to the medial iliac centre. Best palpated by using thumb on lateral side of semitendinous and two fingers on medial side of semimembranous, and by gently rolling skin between fingers.
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Term
Pulmonic valve (puncta maxima for auscultation) |
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Definition
Located at the junction between the right ventricle and the pulmonary trunk. It has three semilunar cusps and prevents backflow of blood during diastole. Puncta maxima @ the 4th rib on the L side |
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Term
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Definition
Called Quadriceps femoris. Origin = Ilium and proximal femur. Insertion = Tibial tuberosity. Includes the Rectus femoris, Vastus lateralis, Vastus medialis and Vastus intermedius. Actions to extend the stifle and flex the hip and is innervated by the femoral nerve. |
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Term
Regions of the vertebral column |
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Definition
Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, Sacral and Caudal. Stiffens the body axis and so contributes to the maintenance of posture. By flexion and extension and torsion, it allows movement. It also encloses and protects the spinal cord. |
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Term
Right AV valve (puncta maxima for auscultation) |
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Definition
Located between the right ventricle and the atrium. It consists of the parietal and septal cusps and the smaller angular cusp. It allows blood to pass from atrium to ventricle and closes to prevent backflow when the ventricle contracts Puncta maxima is at the level of the 4th rib on the right side. Associated structures: the chordae tendinae and papillary muscles (3 to 4 in right AV valve), a vital part of the AV valves functioning (preventing the backflow of blood). |
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Term
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Definition
Runs from transverse processes of last sacral and first caudal vertebrae, to the lateral ischiatic tuberosity. It serves as the origin for some muscles such as the Biceps femoris. |
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Term
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Definition
The proximal part is 3-sided and more distally it is cranially-caudally compressed. The medial surface is subcutaneous and flat. The caudal surface is ridged for muscular attachment eg. Popliteus |
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Term
Shoulder joint and landmarks |
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Definition
Also known as the humeral joint. It is a ball and socket joint between the glenoid cavity of the scapula and the head of the humerus. It can move in any direction but mostly undergoes flexion and extension. There are poorly developed thickenings of fibrous part of joint capsule on either side. Inside the joint capsule are the medial and lateral glenohumeral ligaments. No collateral ligaments. The Biceps tendon of origin arises from the scapula and goes through the joint capsule. |
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Term
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Definition
Divides scapula into two fairly equal proportions. At the distal end is the acromion, where the Deltoideus attaches. Proximally to the acromion, the Omotransversarius attaches. The remaining part of the spine is the attachment point for the Trapezius and the rest of the Deltoideus. |
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Term
Superficial cervical lymph node |
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Definition
Lies in the areolar tissue cranial to the shoulder. It lies deep to the cervical part of Cleidocephalicus and Omotransversarius. It receives lymph drainage from the cutaneous area of head, neck and thoracic limb. |
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Term
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Definition
Location: Largely covered by the cervical part of the trapezius muscle and the omotransversarius.
Extent: Originates at the supraspinous fossa. Extends over cranial border of the scapula. Fuction: Extends and stabilizes the shoulder joint Neighbouring structures: |
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Term
Symphysis of the mandible |
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Definition
Two mandibles join rostrally at the symphysis. |
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Term
Tarsus (hock); no. of rows tarsal bones and degree of motion at each joint level |
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Definition
Composed of 7 tarsal bones, arranged in 3 irregular rows. Tarsocrural joint is where flexion and extension occur. |
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Term
Teeth- types and individual tooth numbers |
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Definition
Incisor teeth, caudal to these canine tooth, behind these the cheek teeth divided into premolars and molars Temporary (deciduous teeth) are as such: (Per side) 3 UPPER INCISORS, 1 UPPER CANINE, 3 UPPER PREMOLARS, and the same 3 LOWER INCISORS, 1 LOWER CANINE, 3 LOWER PREMOLARS on the bottom, for a grand total of 28 TOTAL Permanent teeth are as such: (Again, per side): 3 UPPER INCISORS, 1 UPPER CANINE, 4 UPPER PREMOLARS, 2 UPPER MOLARS 3 LOWER INCISORS, 1 LOWER CANINE, 4 LOWER PREMOLARS, 3 LOWER MOLARS., for a grand total of 42 TOTAL (See Dyce, pg 109-110 OR Guide to the Dissection etc etc pgs 264-5) |
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Term
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Definition
Extends from external occipital protuberance to the zygomatic process of the frontal bone. |
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Term
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Definition
Origin – surface and border to the temporal fossa. Insertion – Coranoid process of the mandible. Closes the jaw. |
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Term
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Definition
Jaw joint. Between condylar process of the mandible and the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone. |
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Term
Thoracic inlet: boundaries |
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Definition
Entrance of the chest between the 2 first ribs, the manubrium and the first thoracic vertebrae. |
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Term
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Definition
Large quadrangular process on the proximocranial surface of the tibia continued distally by the cranial border of the tibia. Acts as site for muscle attachment via patellar ligament – quadriceps and biceps femoris, and sartorius. |
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Term
Trachea and oesophagus in the neck |
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Definition
Trachea: Extends from a transverse plane through the middle of the axis to a plane between the 4th and 5th thoracic vertebrae. It is composed of approximately 35 C-shaped traceal cartilages. Oesophagus: Extends from the laryngopharynx to the thoarcic portion of the esophagus at the thoracic inlet. It begins opposite the middle of the axis dorsally, and opposite the caudal border of the cricoid cartilage ventrally. The oesophagus inclines to the left, so that at the thoracic inlet it usually lies to the left of the trachea. |
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Term
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Definition
Has 4 heads, long, accessory, medial and lateral. Common tendon to the olecranon tuber. Only long head arises from the scapula, other 3 from the proximal end of the humerus. Action to extend the elbow. |
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Term
Trochlear groove of the femur |
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Definition
Behind the patella in the femorotibial joint |
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Term
Trochlear ridges of femur |
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Definition
The two ridges, medially and laterally located on the proximal end of the femur, on either side of the trochlear groove. The medial ridge is usually thicker than the lateral. |
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Term
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Definition
WHERE TO PALPATE? The prominent caudal protuberance on the hock ASSOCIATED STRUCTURES Common calcanean tendon inserts onto the tuber calcanei, making the tuber calcanei the insertion point for gastrocnemius and superficial digital flexor, which both contribute to the common calcanean tendon |
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Term
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Definition
The wings of the atlas project laterally from atlas, which is often visible and always palpable in the animal. The cranial aspect of the ventral arch and corresponding surfaces of the wings carry two deep excavations that receive the occipital condyles of the skull. |
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Term
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Definition
The wing of the ilium varies amongst species and in the dog it is oblong with a more or less saggital orientation. It is concave laterallly. The majority of the ilium is classified as part of the wing.
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Term
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Definition
The caudal part of the sternum consisting of a flat cartilage that projects between the lower parts of the costal arches. It supports the most cranial part of the abdominal floor and gives attachment to the linea alba (white line). |
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Term
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Definition
The zygomatic arch is formed by the zygomatic process of the maxilla, the zygomatic bone, and the zygomatic process of the temporal bone. The arch forms the cheekbone and serves as an origin for the masseter muscle (which closes the jaws.). |
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