Term
| Name the two classes of chemotherapy drugs |
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Definition
Cell cycle specific drugs
Cell cycle non specific drugs |
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Term
| Cell cycle specific drugs how do they work? |
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Definition
| They target tumors in certain phases of the cell cycle and are useful in tumours with high growth fractions |
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Term
| Cell cycle non specific drugs |
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Definition
| They target tumours in all phases of the cell cycle including G0 (resting phase), they bind to DNA and damage it. These drugs are useful in treating tumours with low growth fractions |
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Term
What is the log kill hypothesis?
What type of tumours are they useful in treating and what kind are they not useful in treating? |
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Definition
First given dose kill a constant portion of cells rather than a constant number
Solid cancer tumors - generally have a low growth fraction thus respond poorly to chemotherapy & in most cases need to be removed by surgery
Disseminated cancers- generally have a high growth fraction & generally respond well to chemotherapy |
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Term
| Name the cell cycle specific drugs |
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Definition
|
• Antimetabolites
• Bleomycin
• Podophyllin Alkaloids
• Plant Alkaloids
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Term
| Name the cell cycle non specific drugs |
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Definition
|
• Alkylating Agents
• Antibiotics
•Cisplatin
• Nitrosoureas
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Term
What are the advantages of using a combination of drug therapies to treat cancers?
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Definition
Suppression of drug resistance - less chance of a cell developing resistance
Increased cancer cell kill - administration of drugs with different mechanisms of action.
Reduced injury to normal cells - by using a combination of drugs that do not have overlapping toxicities, we can achieve a greater anticancer effect than we could by using any one agent alone.
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Term
| What is primary resistance? |
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Definition
Absence of response on the first exposure to currently available standard agents.
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Term
| What is aquired resistance |
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Definition
| Absence of response which develops in an originally drug-sensitive tumor type. |
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Term
| How is resistance to cytotoxic drugs developed? |
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Definition
| Increased expression of an MDR-1 gene coding for a P-glycoprotein is shown on the surface of cells that pumps the drug out of the cell (drug efflux), thus not allowing it to accumulate and kill the cell. |
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Term
| What are the drugs that reverse multidrug resistance? |
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Definition
Verapamil
Quinidine
cyclosporine |
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Term
| What are the GENERAL toxicities involved with anti-cancer drugs? |
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Definition
Bone marrow
- Leukopenia & resulting infections
- Thrombocytopenia
- Immunosuppression
- Anemia
GI
- Oral & intestinal ulcerations
- Diarrhoea
Hair Follicles - Alopecia
Wounds - impaired healing
Gonads - menstrual irregularities including premature menarche; impaired spermatogenesis
Fetus - Teratogenesis (especially in the first trimester) |
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Term
| Which anti-cancer drugs have specific Renal toxicity? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which anti-cancer drugs have Hepatic toxicity |
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Definition
6-MP,
Busulfan,
Cyclophosphamide
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Term
| Which anti-cancer drugs have Pulmonary toxicity? |
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Definition
Bleomycin,
Busulfan,
Procarbazine
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Term
| Which anti-cancer drugs have Cardiac toxicity? |
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Definition
|
Doxorubicin,
Daunorubicin
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Term
| Which anti-cancer drugs have Neurological toxicity? |
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Definition
Vincristine,
Cisplatin,
Paclitaxel
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Term
| Which anti-cancer drugs have immunosuppressive toxicity? |
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Definition
Cyclophosphamide,
Cytarabine,
Dactinomycin,
Methotrexate
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Term
Which anti-cancer drug causes hemorrhagic cystitis?
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Definition
|
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Term
| Which anti-cancer drug causes leukemia? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Which anti-cancer drug causes pancreatitis? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Which anti-cancer drugs are known to be 'marrow sparing?' |
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Definition
1. Cisplatin
2. Bleomycin
3. Vincristine
4. Asparaginase
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Term
Which anti-cancer drug causes hemorrhagic cystitis?
what can be given to prevent this? |
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Definition
1. Cyclophosphamide
2. Mesna |
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Term
Which anti-cancer drug causes cardiomyopathy?
What drug can be given to prevent this?
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Definition
1. Anthracycline
2. Dexrazoxane |
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Term
| Mensa is given to treat which toxicity by which anti-cancer drug? |
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Definition
|
mesna is given to prevent hemorrhagic cystitis by cyclophosphamide
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Term
| Dexrazoxane is used to treat which toxicity caused by which anti-cancer drug? |
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Definition
|
Dexrazoxane, is used to reduce the risk of anthracycline-induced cardiomyopathy
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Term
Alkalating agents
1. name the groups |
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Definition
1. Nitrogen mustards
2. Ethylenimines
3. Alkyl sulfonates
4. Nitrosoureas |
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Term
| Name the drugs that come under the Nitrogen mustards, what group do they belong to? |
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Definition
1. Cyclophosphamide
Chlorambucil
2. Alkylating agents |
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Term
| Name the drugs that come under ethylenimines, what group do they come under? |
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Definition
1. Thiotepa
2. Alkylating agents |
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Term
Name the drugs that come under Ethyl sulfonamines
what group do they come under |
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Definition
1.Busulfan
2. Alkylating agents |
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Term
Name the drugs that come under Nutrosoureas
what group do they come under? |
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Definition
1. Carmustine
Lomustine
2. Alkylating agents |
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Term
Alkylating agents
1. what is their MOA |
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Definition
Intramolecular cyclization to form either an ethyleneimonium or a carbonium ion which are strongly electrophile.
Alkylation within DNA at the N7 position of guanine
Resulting in miscoding through abnormal base-pairing with thymine or in depurination by excision of guanine residues, leading to strand breakage
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