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| The last great ruler of Egypt before the Persian conquest. |
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| Led an unsuccessful attack on the Persians in Phoenicia. A military revolt placed Nectanebo II on the throne and Tachos fled to Iran. |
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| Libyan, plunged Thebes into a protracted civil war. |
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| Son of Tefnakhty I who, after peace had been attained between the Kushites and the Libyans, refused to take an oath to the Kushite kingdom and is put to death by the Kushite ruler Shabacco. |
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| placed on the Egyptian throne by the |
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| An emissary to Byblos sent by Smendes to procure cedar wood. Denied access initially, and denegrated by the king in his meeting. "The Report of Wenamun": documents the loss of prestige and authority in the reign of Ramesses XI. Clearly, Byblos no longer feels any allegience to Egypt. |
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| Appointed as an administrator in Lower Egypt by Ramesses XI. Likely part of a cadet branch of the Ramessite family who takes power in the North, beginning the 21st dynasty. Ends the tradition of burying kings in VOK and is instead buried within the walls of the city. Son is Psuesennes I. |
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| Deposed Nefaarud II and gained control of Egypt, but spent most of his reign defending against the Persians. |
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| Led a revolt against the Persian rule in concert with his eldest son. |
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| Appointed as an administrator of Upper Egypt by Ramesses XI. Moves to Thebes and appoints himself the high priest of Amun and begins his "renaissance", essentially ruling in the South under the "House of Amun", a theocratic state following the Cult of Amun. He recognizes the rule of Smendes in the North, and there are intermarriages between the two families. |
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| The grown son of Necho I who took over for his father. |
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| Son of Ramesses III and Teya. Likely the "first son" of pure Egyptian blood. Displaces Ramesses IV as RIII's successor. |
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| Founder of the 29th Dynasty |
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| The only king of theTwenty-eighth dynasty who ended the First Persian Occupation. He was defeated by Nepherites . |
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| "the communicator" (famous for his speeches), fought back against the invasions of the Peoples of the Sea, reorganized the court (overseers of Upper and Lower Egypt), reinstitutes the draft to prepare for the Libyan invasion and annhialated them. Settled POWs in Egypt. Due to wartime and low Niles, there is a period of economic depression and labor strikes. Killed in the Harim Conspiracy |
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| Son of Ramesses III and Isis, displaced by Pentawer in the Harim Conspiracy. His name suggests that he is the "second son" due to the naming tradition of the time. |
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| Allowed to remain as the Assyrian viceroy. Tried to resist a Nubian rebellion and was assassinated. |
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| Served as the heir to and then the |
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| Chief of the Meshwesh tribe (Libya) who migrated to Egypt in Dynasty 20. Settled in the military fort of Herackleopolis and was appointed commander in chief of the armed forces. |
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| Founder of Dynasty 22, a descendent of Buyuwawa who takes over as Commander in Chief. Marries his daughters to Egyptian aristocrats to secure his power. His son, Orsorkon marries the heiress of the 21st dynasty. |
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| A Labu chief (Libya) who sought to reunite Egypt in an attempt to save Egypt frm Assyrian control. Defeated by Piye, though Piye does not remain in Egypt to guarantee his control. Eventually, Tefnakhte again calls himself king in the North. This power is only lost when his son Bocchoris refuses to take an oath of loyalty to the Nubians and is assassinated. |
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| Assyrian leader. Moved the capital to Memphis, deported the relatives of the Libyan dynasts to Nubia. When Isur Haaden attacks from the west, Middle Egypt and the Delta fall into Assyrian hands. He attempts to take back control but is forced to retreat. |
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| Son of Piye who sends troops to assist the king of Juda against the Assyrian attack. Brother of Taharqa. |
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| Leaves an account of the defeat of the Libyans in response to the threat they posed to the city of Thebes on the "Stela of Piye" in an Amun temple in Napata. He conquers much of the valley and defeats Tefnakhte but, since his army has begun to lose strength and are ill-equipped to endure a water-logged Delta battle, he retreats after only seeking an oath of loyalty from the residents. |
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| King of Babylon. Fought the Battle of Carchemish. |
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| A Persian king who defeated Nectanebo II and began a "reign of terror" in Egypt. Instituted taxes intended to cripple Egypt. |
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| Known for extreme cruelty towards his enemies. Son of Esarhaddon. |
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| A Persian general who attempted to resist the advances of Alexander the Great. |
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| The Assyrian who attacks Taharqa from the West, with the aid of the Arabs and takes back the region. |
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| The site of Sin's temple. Served for several years as the capital of the Assyrian empire after the fall of Nineveh. |
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| an island in the Nile, and |
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| Great capital of the Assyrian empire which was attacked by the Babylonians. |
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| The city where the Assyrians were defeated by the Egypto-Nubian coalition sent to defend Juda. The Egyptians take control of the region following the battle |
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| The new capital after Per-Ramesses. The move was required because the site of Per-Ramesses had begun to lose its access to the Nile, limiting trade and transportation. Built with materials from the dismantled Per-Ramesses. |
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| Ruins of an Amun Temple where the Stela of Piye is found. |
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| Founded by Alexander the Great |
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| The Invasion of the Peoples of the Sea |
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| Maritime pirates from the Agean who left their homelands (with entire families = came to stay) after what might have been the Trojan War. Worked their way down the coast destroying cities. Defeated by the Egyptians, and settled in different regions (Peleset = Palestine). These battles are depicted in the War Reliefs at Medinet Habu. |
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| Recounted in the "Judicial Papyrus of Turin". Ramesses III goes to Medinet Habu to celebrate the anniversary of his coronation. The women of the Harim staged a revolt. The chief queen, Isis is a foreigner whose son is next in line for the throne, which makes the other women unhappy. Teya, mother of Pentawer, was the immediate instigator. She was likely queen first and pushed aside by Isis. Knife in back of neck |
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| The Meshwesh and Labu tribes attempted several times to infiltrate Egypt but were often initiated into the Egyptian army when they were taken prisoner. As a result, many Libyans settled in Egypt while other tribes began to peacefully make their way into the Delta region. They never completely assimilate and remain partially nomadic and do not learn the language or contribute to the culture. |
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| The Installation of the 21st Dynasty |
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| The rule of Smendes, in the North (Lower Egypt) |
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| The Kushites: royal policies & takeover of Egypt |
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| Kushites settle in Napata (the holy mountain). The only model of government was Egypt, and thereby became clones of Egypt. |
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| The Assyrian invasions and occupation |
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| The Assyrians seek to conquer Egypt. They seem to fail initially when Piye is defeated by the Kushites. King of Juda tries to form a coalition against the Assyrians and are defeated at Eltekeh. For 40 years they are out of power, until Esarhadden defeats Taharqa. |
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| Ethnicity of Dynasts ( Dynasties 21 through 30) & general chronological time periods |
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| 21: Egyptian, 22: Libyan, 23: Libyan, 24: Libyan, 25: Kushite, 26: Egyptian, 27: Persian, 28: Egyptian, 29:, 30: |
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