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Definition
| Groups of cells with a common structure and function; four main categories are epithelial, connective, muscle and nervous. |
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Definition
| Covers the outside of the body and lines organs and cavities within the body. Closely joined with little material between, the cells function as a barrier against mechanical injury, microbes and fluid loss. Classified by number of cell layers (simple or stratified) and shape of cells (cuboidal, columnar, or squamous). |
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Term
| Stratified Columnar Epithelium |
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Definition
| Lines the inner surface of the urethra. |
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Term
| Simple Columnar Epithelium |
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Definition
| Line the intestines; secretes digestive juices and absorbs nutrients. |
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Term
| Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium |
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Definition
| Forms a mucous membrane that lines the respiratory tract of many vertebrates; helps keep lungs clean by trapping dust and other particles and sweeping them back up the trachea. |
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Definition
Along with cells specialized for secretion, lines the kidney tubules and many glands (thyroid, salivary, etc).
In thyroid gland: secretes a hormone that regulates the body's rate of fuel consumption. |
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Term
| Simple Squamous Epithelia |
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Definition
| Line blood vessels and the air sacs of the lungs; thin and leaky, function in the exchange of materials by diffusion. |
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| Stratified Squamous Epithelia |
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Definition
| Found on surfaces subject to abrasion (outer skin, lining of esophagus, anus and vagina, etc). Regenerate rapidly by cell division near basement membrane; allows newer cells to replace older cells as they are sloughed off. |
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| A dense mat of extracellular matrix to which the calls at the base of an epithelial layer are attacted to. |
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| Absorb or secrete chemical solutions. |
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| Smooth moist epithelium that lines the digestive tract and air tubes leading to the lungs. |
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| Binds and supports other tissue, having a sparse population of cells scattered through an extracellular matrix. Made of protein and consists of three categories: collangenous, elastic and reticular fibers. Main types of tissues are connective, adipose, fibrous connective, cartilage, bone and blood. |
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| A tough fiber of the extraellular matrix; made of collagen, are nonelastic, and do not tear easily when pulled lengthwise. |
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| Long threads made of the protein elastin. Elastic fibers provide a rubbery quality to the extracellular matrix that complements the nonelastic strength of collagenous fibers. |
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Term
| Extracellular Matrix (ECM) |
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Definition
| The substance in which animal tissue cells are embedded, consisting of proteins and polysaccharides. |
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Definition
| A very thin and branched fiber made of collagen. Form a tightly woven fabric that is continuous with the collagenous fibers of the extracellular matrix. |
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| Secrete the protein ingredients of the extracellular fibers. |
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| Amoebied cells that roam the maze of fibers, engulfing foreign particles and the debris of dead cells by phagocytosis. |
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| Connective tissue that binds epithelia to underlying tissues and functions as "packing material" to hold organs in place. Consists of a loose weave of collagenous, elastic and reticular fibers with fibroblasts and macrophages scattered about. Is the most widespread connective tissue in vertebrate bodies. |
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| Fibrous Connective Tissue |
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Definition
| Dense connective tissue organized into parallel bundles made mostly of collagenous fibers. Found in tendons and ligaments. |
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Definition
| Mineralized connective tissue made of osteoblasts in repeating units of osteons. Calsium, magnesium and phosphate ions combine and harden within the matrix into the mineral hydroxyapatite. |
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Definition
| Deposit a matrix of collagen to create bone tissue. |
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Definition
| Microscopic, repeating structures created by osteoblasts for bone tissue. Each has concentric layers of the mineralized matrix, which are deposited around a central canal containing blood vessels and nerves that service the bone. |
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| Liquid connective tissue which enables rapid transport of blood cells, nutrients and wastes through the body via plamsa. Consists of erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets. |
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| Liquid matrix in which blood cells and platelets are suspended. Consists of water, salts and a variety of dissolved proteins. |
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| Red blood cells that carry oxygen to organs and tissues. |
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| White blood cells that defend the body against viruses, bacteria and other invaders. |
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| Cell fragments that aid in blood clotting. |
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| Specialized form of loose connective tissue that stores fat in adipose cells distributed throughout its matrix, which contains a large fat droplet that sweels when fat is stored and shrinks when the body uses fat as fuel. Pads and insulates the body and stores fuel as fat molecules. |
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| Strong and flexible connective tissue that supports and cushions bone joints, absorbing considerable physical impact without breaking. Has an abundance of collagenous fibers embedded in a rubbery matrix made of chondroitin sulfate, a protein-carbohydrate sulfate, both of which are secreted by chondrocytes. |
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Definition
| Mature cartilage cells embedded in lacunae within the cartilage matrix. |
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| Tissue consisting of long muscle cells that are capable of contracting when stimulated by nerve impulses. Includes skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle tissue. |
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| Responsible for the voluntary movements of the body. Attached to bones by tendons. Consists of bundles of long cells called fibers, each of which is a bundle of strands called myofibrils. Aka striated muscle. |
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Definition
| A fibril collectively arranged in longitudinal bundles in msucle cells; compsed of thin filaments of actin and a regulatory protein and thick filaments of myosin. |
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| Spindle-shaped cells that are responsible for involuntary body activities. Found in the walls of the digestive tract, urinary bladder, arteries, and other internal organs. They contract more slowly than skeletal muscle cells but can remain contracted longer. |
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Definition
| Striated tissue that forms the contractile wall of the heart; performs unconscious contractions of the heart. |
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| Senses stimuli and transmits signals in the form of nerve impulses from one part of the animal to another. Made up of neurons and supportive cells. |
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| The basic unit of the nervous system. Consists of a cell body and two or more extensions/processes (axons and dendrites). |
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| Carry information from their tips toward the rest of the neuron. |
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| Transmit impulses toward another neuron or toward an effector. |
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| A structure such as a muscle cell that carries out a body response. |
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| A specialized center of body function composed of several different types of tissues. |
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| Moist or fluid-filled body cavities that suspend many organs of vertebrates. |
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| The body cavity in mammals that houses the lungs and heart. It is surrounded in part by ribs and separated from the lower abdominal cavity by the diaphragm. |
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| The body cavity in mammals that primarily houses parts of the digestive, excretory, and reproductive systems. It is separated from the thoracic cavity by the diaphragm. |
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| A group of organs that work together in performing vital body functions. |
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| The flow of energy through an animal which ultimately limits the animal's behavior, growth, and reproduction; determines how much food it needs. |
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| A process by which enzymes (biological catalysts) are used to break down and harvest energy of food in animals. |
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| The build-up of chemical compounds in the physiological processes of a living organism; creates more complex molecules from simpler molecules (ie, proteins from amino acids, etc). |
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| The sum of all the energy-requiring biochemical reactions occurring over a given time interval. Measured in calories (cal) or kilocalories (kcal). |
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| Referring to organisms with bodies that are warmed by heat generated by metabolism. This heat is usually used to maintain a relatively stable body temperature higher than that of the external environment. |
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| Referring to organisms that do not produce enough metabolic heat to have much effect on body temperature. |
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Term
| Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) |
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Definition
| The metabolic rate of a resting, fasting, and nonstressed endotherm. |
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| Standard Metabolic Rate (SMS) |
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Definition
| The metabolic rate of a resting, fasting, and nonstressed ectotherm. |
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| The internal environment of vertebreates, consisting of the fluid filling the spaces between cells. Exchanges nutrients and wastes with blood in capillaries. |
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| The steady-state physiological condition of the body. Has three components: a receptor, a control center, and an effector. |
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| A characterization of an animal in regard to environmental variables; uses mechanisms of homeostasis to moderate internal changes in the face of external fluctuations. |
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Definition
| A characterization of an animal in regard to environmental variables; allows some conditions within its body to vary with certain external changes. |
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Definition
| Detects a change in some variable of the animal's internal environment, such as change in body temperature. |
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Definition
| Processes information it receives from the receptor and directs an appropriate response by the effector. |
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Definition
| An organ (a gland or muscle) that becomes active in response to impulses directed from the control center. |
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Definition
| A primary mechanisms of homeostasis, whereby a change in a physiological variable that is being monitored triggers a response that counteracts the initial fluctuation. |
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Definition
| A physiological control mechanism in which a change in some variable triggers mechanisms that amplify the change. |
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| The process by which animals maintain an internal temperature within a tolerable range. |
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| Refers to animals whose internal temperatures vary widely. |
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| Refers to animals that maintain relatively stable internal temperatures. |
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Definition
| Radiation; convection; conduction; and evaporation. |
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Definition
| The emission of electromagentic waves by all objects warmer than absolute zero. Can transfer heat between object that are not in direct contact. |
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| The removal of heat from the surface of a liquid that is losing some of its molecules as gas. |
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| The transfer of heat by the movement of air or liquid past a surface. |
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| The direct transfer of thermal motion (heat) between molecules of objects in direct contact with each other. |
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| Material (hair, feathers, or fat) which reduces the flow of heat between an animal and its environment and lowers the energy cost of keeping warm. |
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| The outer covering of the body in mammals, consisting of the skin, hair, and nails (claws or hooves in some species). |
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| A key organ of the integumentary system; functions as a thermoregulatory organ by housing nerves, sweat glands, blood vessels, and hair follicles; protects internal body parts from mechanical injury, infection, and drying out. Consists of the epidermis and dermis, underneath which is the hypodermis. |
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Definition
| Outermost layer of skin composed mostly of dead epithelial cells that continually flake and fall off, which are replaced by new cells pushing up from lower layers. |
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Definition
| Supports the epidermis and contains hair follicles, oil and sweat glands, muscles, nerves, and blood vessels. |
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Definition
| Contains adipose tissue (includes fat-storing cells and blood vessels). |
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Definition
| An increase in the diameter of superfiecial blood vessels triggered by nerve signals that relax the muscles of the vessel walls that elevates blood flow in the skin. |
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Definition
| Reduces flood flow and heat transfer by decreasing the diamter of superficial vessels to decrease blood flow in the skin. |
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| Countercurrent Heat Exchanger |
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Definition
| An arrangement of blood vessels that helps trap heat in the body core and is important in reducing heat loss in many endotherms. |
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| Nonshivering Thermogenesis (NST) |
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Definition
| The increased production of heat in some mammals by the action of certain hormones that cause mitochondria to increase their metabolic activity and produce heat instead of ATP. |
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Definition
| A tissue in some mammals, located in the neck and between the shoulders, that is specialized for rapid heat production. |
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Definition
| Phsyiological adjustment to a change in an environmental factor. |
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Definition
| Molecules, including heat-shock proteins, that are produced within cells in response to exposure to marked increases in temperature and to other forms of severe stress, such as toxins, rapid pH changes, and viral infections. |
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Definition
| A protein that helps protect other proteins during heat stress. Heat-shock proteins are found in plants, animals, and microorganisms. |
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Definition
| A physiological state in which activity is low and metabolism decreases. |
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Definition
| Long-term torpor that is an adaptation to winter cold and food scarcity. |
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| Summer torpor, also characterized by slow metabolism and inactivity, enables animals to survive long periods of high temperatures and scarce water supplies. |
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Definition
| A daily decrease in metabolic activity and body temperature during times of inactivity for some small mammals and birds. |
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