Term
| t/f- camelids are induced ovulators |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the mechanism of ovulation? |
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Definition
| involves uterine inflammation and the presence of an ovulation inducing factor in seminal plasma |
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Term
| average cycle length in presence of ovulation but in absence of fertilization |
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Definition
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Term
| nearly all pregnancies are located in which horn? (despite ovulation occurring evenly between ovaries) |
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Definition
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Term
| pregnancy maintenance relies exclusively on which hormone secreted from which structure? |
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Definition
| progesterone from corpus luteum |
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Term
| describe camelid placentation |
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Definition
| epitheliochorial, microcotyledonory, diffuse |
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Term
| An extra fetal membrane is present and covers most of the surface of the fetus, it is called the _____ |
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Definition
| epidermal membrane, epithelion or 4th membrane |
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Term
| Pregnancy length is ____ days on average but ranges from ___ to ___ days. |
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Definition
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Term
| The most important factors affecting pregnancy length are |
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Definition
| season of mating and nutrition |
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Term
| What are the most common causes of absence of ovarian follicular activity in the maiden female? |
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Definition
| Ovarian hypoplasia & immaturity |
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Term
| What are the most common causes of absence of ovarian follicular activity in the parturient females? |
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Definition
| Poor BCS, lactation, possibly trace mineral deficiencies. |
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Term
| What are the most common causes of mucometra in the maiden female? |
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Definition
| Segmental aplasia, imperforate hymen and prolonged progesterone therapy |
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Term
| What is the most common cause of mucometra/pyometra in the postparturient female? |
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Definition
| Retained placenta, dystocia, uterine prolapse, cervical adhesions and prolonged progesterone therapy. |
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Term
| What type of progestogen can be used to help maintain pregnancy in cases of luteal insufficiency? |
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Definition
| Hydroxyprogesterone caproate, altrenogest injection, norgestomet implants |
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Term
| What complications may arise from unsupervised and long term supplementation of progesterone during pregnancy? |
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Definition
a. May perpetuate the problem in maiden females
b. Fetal retention after death (mummification, maceration)
c. Failure of cervical dilation
d. Poor milking ability |
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Term
| What are the most common infectious causes of abortion in alpacas? |
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Definition
a. Leptospirosis
b. Toxoplasmosis
c. Chlamydiosis
d. BVDV
e. Q-Fever
f. Campylobacteriosis
g. Neosporosis
h. Bacterial placentitis |
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Term
| What drugs have been associated with abortion in camelids? |
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Definition
a. Prostaglandins
b. Corticosteroids
c. Some vaccines |
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Term
| Diagnosis and management of uterine torsion |
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Definition
a. CS: Abdominal pain, depressed, fever, tachycardia, tachypnea
b. Dx: At term, transrectal palpation of the broad ligament, +/- vaginal exam
c. Tx Non-Surgical: Rolling – plank on the flank or Transvaginal manipulation if at term
i. Rolling – place in lateral on the side of the torsion, roll while holding fetus in place with transabdominal pressure or transvaginally.
d. Tx Surgical: Midline laparotomy with or without a cesarean |
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Term
| What are the consequences of anorexia in the late pregnancy alpaca and medical management? |
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Definition
a. Consequences: recumbency, respiratory distress, ataxia, fetal death, lipemic serum = hepatic lipidosis, ketosis, dehydration
b. Mgmt: Transfaunate ½ L per female, cesarean if at term, oral fluids |
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Term
| How long is each stage of parturition? |
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Definition
a. Stage I – preparation is 2-6 hrs
b. Stage II – fetal expulsion is 5-30 min
c. Stage III – placental expulsion is 1-2 hrs
d. All stages can be longer in a maiden female |
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Term
| Why is fetotomy not an option for management of dystocia in alpacas? |
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Definition
| Because it will end an alpaca’s reproductive life. Potentially from uterine bruising which leads to peri-uterine adhesions which leads to infertility. |
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Term
| What is the best approach for cesarean section in alpacas in the field? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the consequences of prolonged vaginal manipulation in alpacas? |
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Definition
a. Significant inflammation/edema, rectal-vaginal tears, lacerations, hemorrhage.
b. Consequences can necessitate a cesarean delivery. |
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Term
| What are the two most common cria congenital defects requiring euthanasia? |
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Definition
| 2 most common - Choanal atresia and atresia ani. Congenital heart defects can also require euthanasia dependent upon the severity and desired productivity of the animal. |
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