Term
| What do the azygous veins mostly drain? |
|
Definition
| Drain most of the posterior thoracic wall |
|
|
Term
| What are the clinical reasons that the azygous veins are so important? |
|
Definition
| They connect the IVC with the SVC so if there is an obstruction of the IVC they assist in drainage of blood from areas inferior to obstruction to the SVC |
|
|
Term
| Thoracic and abdominal tumors metastasize easily to the vertebral canal and cranial fossae via what? |
|
Definition
| Intervertebral veins that connect vertebral venous plexus and azygous system |
|
|
Term
| What provide alternate routes to blood transport if IVC is obstructed? |
|
Definition
| Vertebral venous plexus and epigastric venous anastomosis |
|
|
Term
| What vein begins behind the IVC in the abdomen and extends superiorly through the aortic opening of the diaphragm as the azygous vein? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Superior and inferior hemiazygous veins cross to the right at what two vertebral levels |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many posterior intercostal veins are there? And what is the first one called and wehre does it drain? |
|
Definition
| 11. Highest intercostal vein. Drains into the brachiocephalic vein (of corresponding side) |
|
|
Term
| Posterior intercostal veins 2, 3, and sometimes 4 untile to form the what? Opens into _____on RIGHT and _____ on LEFT |
|
Definition
Posterior intercostal veins.
Opens into AZYGOUS V. on RIGT and BRACHIOCEPHALIC V. on LEFT |
|
|
Term
| From 4th (or 5th) to 8th posterior intercostal veins of left side pour into what? |
|
Definition
| Accessory (Superior) hemiazygous V. |
|
|
Term
| The 9th-11th posterior intercostal and subcostal veins of the left side open into the what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Anterior intercostal veins 1-6 open into the what?
And 7th, 8th, and 9th open into what? |
|
Definition
1-6: INTERNAL THORACIC V.
7-9: MUSCULOPHRENIC V.
(10&11 are short and don't have anterior intercostal vessels) |
|
|
Term
| What 3 compartments is the thigh divided into? |
|
Definition
| Anterior, Medial and Posterior |
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 layers of the superficial fascia of the anterior aspect of the thigh? |
|
Definition
1. Superficial fatty layer (CAMPER'S FASCIA)
2. Deep membranous layer (SCARPA'S fascia) |
|
|
Term
| The membranous layer is firmly attacted to what 4 things? |
|
Definition
1. Deep fascia parallel to a finger's breadth inferior to the inguinal lig
2. Pubic crest
3. Ischiopubic arch
4. Posterior margin of the perineal membrane |
|
|
Term
| Membranous layer continues into the scrotal wall as the ________ thus enclosing the _________ |
|
Definition
Colles' fascia
Superficial perineal pouch (space) |
|
|
Term
1. Ilioinguinal n.
2. Femoral branch of genitofemoral n.
3. Lateral cutaneous n.s of thigh from femoral
4. Intermediate cutaneous n.s of thigh
5. Medial cutaneous n.s of thigh from femoral n.
6. Saphenous n.
7. Cutaneous branch of the anterior division of the obturator n. |
|
Definition
1. Ilioinguinal n. (L1)
2. Femoral branch of genitofemoral n. (L1, 2)
3. Lateral cutaneous n.s of thigh from femoral (L2, 4)
4. Intermediate cutaneous n.s of thigh (L2, 3)
5. Medial cutaneous n.s of thigh from femoral n. (L2, 3, 4)
6. Saphenous n. (L3, 4)
7. Cutaneous branch of the anterior division of the obturator n. (L2, 3) |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 cutaneous arteries that branch off of the femoral artery? |
|
Definition
1. Superficial external pudendal a.
2. Superficial epigastric a.
3. Superficial Circumflex a. |
|
|
Term
| Cutaenous veins end in the ______ vein? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the superficial Inguinal lymph nodes? What do they drain? |
|
Definition
Vertical and horizontal groups
Drain-lower trunk inferior to level of umbilicus, gluteal region, perineum, superficial tissues of entire lower limb |
|
|
Term
| What is condensed fascia lata stretching from ASIS to the anterior surface of the lateral condyle of the tibia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Superiorly the IT tract (band) encloses the _____ and receives the insertion of 3/4 of the _______ |
|
Definition
TFL (tensor fascia latae)
Gluteus maximus |
|
|
Term
| What functions does the IT tract (band) have? |
|
Definition
-Stabilizes the knee during extension and partial flexion
2. Provides antigravitational force to the knee
3. Helps w/ walking/running |
|
|
Term
| The saphenous opening (Fossa ovalis) is filled with what? Pierced by what? |
|
Definition
| Filled by modified deep fascia (CRIBIFORM FASCIA) which is pierced by the GREAT SAPHENOUS V., CUTANEOUS BRANCHES OF THE FEMORAL A. & LYMPHATICS |
|
|
Term
Femoral triangle boundaries
BASE?
LATERAL BORDER?
MEDIAL BORDER?
APEX?
ROOF? |
|
Definition
BASE: Inguinal lig
LATERAL BORDER: Sartorius
MEDIAL BORDER: Adductor Longus
APEX: S & A from above overlap
ROOF: Deep&Superficial fascia |
|
|
Term
| One of the deep inguinal lymph nodes, Node of Cloquet (Node of Rosenmuller) lies in the ________ and drains the ______ |
|
Definition
Femoral canal
Glans penis/clitoris |
|
|
Term
| Pressure applied _____ will arrest bleeding from the limb? |
|
Definition
| Midinguinal point against the head of the femur |
|
|
Term
| Bilateral absence of femoral pulse may suggest _________, whereas feeble femoral pulse may suggest ______ |
|
Definition
--thrombosis of the abdominal aorta
--coarction of the aorta |
|
|
Term
| Femoral sheath encloses what? Extends from what? |
|
Definition
| Femoral vessels. Extends from level of inguinal lig inferiorly for 4 cm |
|
|
Term
| Femoral ring is a _____ and hence a potential site for ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In strangulated femoral hernias, surgical reduction of the hernia involves dividing the ________and suturing the medial end of the _______ to the underlying periosteum |
|
Definition
-LACUNAR LIG
-INGUINAL LIG |
|
|
Term
| Why is pain referred to knee joint as well as to skin supplied by these nerves in diseases of hip and knee joints? |
|
Definition
| Articular branches of the femoral and obturator n.s (spinal segments L2,3,4) to the hip joint also supply the knee joint |
|
|
Term
Adductor canal components:
POSTERIOR?
ANTERIOR?
ROOF?
OVER ROOF? |
|
Definition
POSTERIOR- Adductor longus & adductor magnus
ANTERIOR- Vastus medialis
ROOF- Fascial sheet arching between the anterior and posterior walls
OVER ROOF- Sartorius
*The subsartorial plexus of f. lies in roof underneath the sartorius |
|
|
Term
| Components of the adductor canal? |
|
Definition
-Femoral artery
-Femoral vein
-Saphenous vein
-Nerve to vastus medialis &
-Some branches of obturator n. |
|
|
Term
| The pectineus is in the _____ of the femoral triangle and it has a dual nerve supply by the _____ &_______ |
|
Definition
Floor
Partly femoral n. & partly obturator n. |
|
|
Term
| What is the only adductor that crosses the knee joint (to insert to upper medial surface of the tibia) and what is its function? |
|
Definition
-Gracilis
-Adducts the hip and flexes the knee |
|
|
Term
| The iliacus and psoas arise in the _____ and pass behind the ______ to get here. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Gluteus Maximus O, I, A, N |
|
Definition
O: Gluteal surface of ileum
I: Iliotibial tract & gluteal tuberosity
A: Hip Extensor
N: Inferior gluteal N. |
|
|
Term
| Gluteus Medius O, I, A, N? |
|
Definition
O:Gluteal surface of ileum
I:Top &lateral surface of the greater trochanter
A: Abduct the thigh when limb is free and supports hip bone on femur when standing and helps in body weight transmission.
N: Superior gluteal N. |
|
|
Term
| Gluteus Minimus O, I, A, N? |
|
Definition
O: Gluteal surface of ileum
I: anterior surface of greater trochanter
A: Abduct the thigh when limb is free and supports hip bone on femur when standing and helps in body weight transmission.
N: Superior Gluteal N. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
O: Anterior surface of the sacrum (S2,3,4)
I: medial surface of greater trochanter (by emerging through greater sciatic foramen)
A: Hip external rotation
N: Sacral plexus (S1&2) |
|
|
Term
| Hamstrings have a common origin from the _______ and they cross the hip joint so they function to _______ except the _____ |
|
Definition
-Ischial tuberosity
-Extend the hip
-Short head of biceps (arises from lateral supracondylar line &linea aspera) |
|
|
Term
| All hamstrings cross the knee joint and insert either to the ____ or to the ____ so they function to ______ except the ______ |
|
Definition
-head of the fibula (biceps)
-upper part of medial surface of tibia (semitendinosis, semimembranosus)
-Flex the knee
-Magnus |
|
|
Term
| All hamstrings are supplied by the ____ except the short head of the biceps which is supplied by______ |
|
Definition
-Tibial part of sciatic n.
-Fibular part of sciatic n. |
|
|
Term
| What does the popliteal fossa include? |
|
Definition
| Lower third of the back of the thigh and upper third of back of leg |
|
|
Term
What are the popliteal fossa boundaries?
Superolaterally?
Superomedially?
Inferolaterally?
Inferomedially? |
|
Definition
Superolaterally: Biceps femoris tendon
Superomedially: Semitendinosus & semimembranosus
Inferolaterally: lateral head of gastroc & plantaris
Inferomedially- medial head of gastroc |
|
|
Term
| What are the contents of the popliteal fossa? |
|
Definition
-Popliteal A & branches
-Popliteal V. & branches
-Tibial n. & branches
-Common fibular (peroneal) N & branches
-Posterior cutaneous n. of thigh
-Genicular branch of obturator n.
-Popliteal lymph nodes
-Fat |
|
|
Term
| Popliteal lymph nodes drain what? Accompany what? |
|
Definition
-DRAIN all deep tissues of leg and foot and superficial tissues of lateral side of foot
-ACCOMPANY Short saphenous vein |
|
|
Term
| The obliquity of the ___&____ contribute to the lateral deviation of the phalanges of great toe? (As seen in bunions) |
|
Definition
-Hallucis longus tendon
-Hallucis brevis tendon |
|
|
Term
| Fibularis (peroneus) longus is ____ and fiularis (peroneus) brEvis is ____. They function to ______ |
|
Definition
-Superficial
-DEep
-Dorsiflex and evert the foot |
|
|
Term
| What muscle helps maintain the transverse arch of the foot y forming a sling with the tibialis anterior tendon from medial side of sole? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Gastroc and soleus merge to form _____ which inserts into the posterior surface of the _____ |
|
Definition
-Tendo-calcanus (Achilles tendon)
-Calcaneus |
|
|
Term
| What passes between gastroc and soleus to medial side of tendocalcalcaneus with which it inserts to calcanues? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
O- Lateral condyle of femur & lateral meniscus
I- Posterior tibia (superior to soleal line)
A- ER of femur & Knee flexion
N- tibial n. |
|
|
Term
| The FDL tendons give origin to the what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
O: Med side of posterior tibia
I: Plantarsurface of lateral 4 toes
A: Flexes lateral 4 toes
N: Tibial N. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
O: Posterior 1/3 of fibula
I: Plantear surface of base of distal phalanx of hallux
A: Flex BIG toe & Plantarflexion
N: Tibial |
|
|
Term
| Where in the foot are sesamoid bones present? |
|
Definition
-One in each of the 2 tendons of flexor hallucis brevis tendons
-Also present in tibialis posterior and fibularis longus tendons |
|
|
Term
| How do Sesamoid bones function? (There are 3 functions) |
|
Definition
-Increase the size of the ball of the big toe
-Resist compression
-Preserve blood supply of small muscles |
|
|
Term
| What is in layer ONE of plantar aponeurosis |
|
Definition
ABH medially
FDB in middle
ABDM laterally |
|
|
Term
| Abductor Hallucis (ABH) O, I, N |
|
Definition
O: Flexor retinaculum & adjoining calcaneus
I: medial side of base of proximal phalanx of great toe
N: Medial Plantar N. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
O: medial tubercle of calcaneus & plantar aponeurosis
I: base of middle phalanges of lateral four toes
N: Medial Plantar N. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
O: lateral tubercle of calcaneus
I: lateral side of proximal phalanx of 5th toe
N: Lateral Plantar N. |
|
|
Term
| What is in layer TWO of plantar aponeurosis? |
|
Definition
-FHL & FDL
-2 intrinsic muscles (flexor digitorum accessories & quadratus plantae& lumbricals) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
O: margins of plantar surface of calcaneus & long plantar lig
I: FDL tendon
A: Changes direction of the FHL tendon |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
O: FDL tendons
I: proximal phalanx & extensor expansion of lateral 4 toes
N: Medial n. supplies 1st and Lateral supplies other 3 |
|
|
Term
| What is in layer THREE of plantar aponeurosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
O: cuboid & lateral cuneiforms
I: sides of base of proximal phalanx of great toe
*2 sesamoid bones in it
N: Medial plantar n. |
|
|
Term
| Adductor Hallicus (AH) O, I, N |
|
Definition
O: Oblique head from bases 2,3,4 MTs and Transverse head from plantar ligs of MTP jts of lateral 3 toes
I: Base of proximal phalanx of great toe
N: Lateral plantar n. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
O: Base of 5th MT
I: Base of proximal phalanx of little toe
N: Lateral plantar |
|
|
Term
| What is in layer FOUR of plantar aponeurosis? |
|
Definition
| Fibularis longus tendon, tibialis posterior tendon, 3 plantar&4 dorsal interosseous muscles |
|
|
Term
| Fibularis longus tendon O, I |
|
Definition
O: lateral to medial the plantar surface of cuboid
I: medial cuneiform & base of MT |
|
|
Term
| Tibialis Posterior Tendon O, I |
|
Definition
O: enters sole from medial side
I: bases of middle 3 toes and to all tarsals except talus |
|
|
Term
| Plantar interossei are ___pennate and Dorsals are ____pennate and what are there FUNCTIONS? |
|
Definition
Plantar-UNI---Adductors---PAD
Dorsal- BI---Abductors---DAB |
|
|
