governemnt used by byzantine; educational system was necessary because of this

used by byzantine

political system in which the head of state is also the head of the church and supreme judge in religous matters

byzantine emperor who held the eastern frontier oh his against the persians; codified roman law

(look at justinian notes/ppt)

brilliant general sent by justinian on military campaigns returning to italy, sicily, northwestern africa, southern spain, to imperial hands;

helped reconquer much of byzantium

frankish king that ruled from 768-814

conquered much of the land in the mediterranean and in europe

was a great military leader who obtained the throne through inheritance

main administrative divisions of the middle byzantine empire

established during the muslim conquests and replaced the earlier provincial systems

placed imperial province under jurisdiction of a general who assumed responsibility of both its military defense and civil administration

enabled byz forces to immobilize quicky and resist further islamic advances and also undergirded political order and social organization in the empire

currency used in byzantium and mediterranean basin around it

in islam, the pilgramage to Mecca required by all muslims atleats once in their lifetime, provided that they are physically and financially able.

one of the five pillars in islam

people practicing the religion islam

started by the prophet muhammad

"one who has submitted"

"migration" from Mecca to Medina- muhammad's move to medina

serves as the official starting point of the islamic calendar

"deputy"

led umma not as prophets but as lieutenants or substitutes for muhammad

islamic leader after death of muhammad

very good friend of muhammad

became the first islamic ruler after muhammad and abu consolidated the muslim state

(was a caliph)

preserved the Qu'ran and led islam through the golden age

ruled from 661-750

origin of arab muslims

discriminated against non-arab muslms

made those who didn't convert pay a tax called the jizya

centralized control at damascus, the capital, kept contorl with military

decline caused by discontent of other arabs and shia muslims

rebellion was led by Abu-al abas

chief leader of rebellion against umayyad

descendent of muhammad's uncle

allied readily shias and non-arab muslims

fell due to poor leadership 750-1258CE

caliphs judges and religious leaders baghdad capital were not arab muslims gave money to poor abu-al abbas founded dynasty

ruled during the high point of the abbasid dynasty

provided liberal support for artists and writers

distributed wealth/money to the poor and common classes by tossing coins into the streets of baghdad

after death civil war between his sons started decline of his dynasty

new industry appearing in islamic cities during abbasid era

cheaper and easier to write on than other materials previously losed so it soon caught on

inns offering lodging for caravan merchants, as well as food, water, and care for their animals

islamic missionaries who lived simple lives to teach others or learn more about their faiths

didn't teach specific doctrines but wanted to deepen others faith and belief

great schism took place in this year

divided medeival christendom into Western (latin) and Easter (Greek) branches which later became known as Roman Catholic Church and Eastern Orthodox Church