Term
| Dates of the Early Byzantine period |
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Definition
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Term
| The Name Byzantine came from? |
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Definition
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| Dates of the Iconoclastic period |
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Definition
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| Dates of the Middle Byzantine period |
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Definition
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| Dates of the Latin Interregnum period |
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Definition
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| Dates of the Late Byzantine period |
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| Vegetation, Greco-Roman education |
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Definition
-The Roman legal and administrative system
-Orthodox Christianity
- The Greco-Roman educational tradition known as Paidera |
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Term
| Where was Constantinople located |
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Definition
| Between Greece and Asia Minor near the Mediterranean Sea |
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Term
| Byzantium was unremarkable until when? |
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Definition
| the end of the 2nd century when they got involved into politics and sided with the enemy in the imperial war. |
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Definition
| A four sided open space for gathering with a colonade perimeter. |
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Term
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Definition
also called circus, is a race track for chariot racing
-built like Romes circus
-venue for many historical sculptures that Constantine brought in to give Constantinople history and legend making it the a Capital |
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Term
| What is significant about buildings at this time |
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Definition
| buildings house institutions- the baths and Hippodrome are Roman Institutions and are associated with Imperial Rule |
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Term
| Why do Emperors give buildings |
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Definition
| As an act of imperial generosity |
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Term
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Definition
| government divided by four individuals, constantine did away with 2 of the four rulers leaving Licinius in the Eeast and ending the Tetrarchy |
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Term
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Definition
| A pyramid located in all major Roman cities for the Gods Juno, Jupiter, and Mars |
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Term
| When did Constantine Dynasty end? |
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Definition
| 363 because of death of Julian |
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Definition
| Major Roman streets that were paved lined with colonnades and had a roof |
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Term
| An important sculpture brought into the Hippodrome |
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Definition
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Term
| Four main churches of Constantinople |
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Definition
-the oldes is Hagia Eirene (Holy Peace)
-H. Menas housed remains of St. Menas
-Holy Apostles was attached to Constantine's Mausoleum
-Hagia Sophia (Holy Wisdom) |
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Term
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Definition
Barrel Vault
Groin Vault
Dome |
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Term
| Important interior traits of Hagia Sophia |
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Definition
harmony of portions- expresses divine truths
very long and extremely broad
light within
perplexing spectacle |
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Term
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Definition
the word comes from the Greek word eikon.
Byzantines talk about icons as images
Art history talks about icons as a kind of image different than a narrative |
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Term
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Definition
| late roman burial, mumification included portraits which were called phyum. Phyum were portraits similar to early icons because of encaustic technique |
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Term
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Definition
| involves using heated beeswax to which colored pigments are added. The liquid/paste is then applied to a surface—usually prepared wood, though canvas and other materials are often used. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Manes-tic clergy vs. secular clergy |
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Definition
| manes-tic clergy was in favor of religious icons because devotional practices |
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Term
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Definition
| Leo III proclaimed the removal of all religious artwork in 730 and it lasted till 843 |
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Definition
| people interacting with a religious image in an inappropriate way, praying to the icon not the "shadow" |
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Term
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Definition
| paying honor to the person through the image |
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Definition
| limited array of religious representation permitted during iconoclasm, the cross was one permitted. |
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Definition
| brought in most of the food supply, train, oil, meat, and fish |
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Definition
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Term
| Santa Maria Maggiorie, Rome |
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Definition
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Term
| Mandylion Icon 10th c. King Abgar |
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Definition
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Term
| Virgin & Child, 6th c, Tapestry |
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Definition
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Term
Mosiacs, Sekretron, Hagia Sophia
Late 8th c. to early 9th c. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a constructive device permitting the placing of a circular dome over a square room or an elliptical dome over a rectangular room. triangle in plan and they are supported by piers. |
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Term
| Constantinopolitan architecture |
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Definition
has a prestruding apse, same porportions as Hagia Sophia, funny sense of contradictions-dome that applies centrality, it is not like Hagia sophia:
no exadras by the apse(the semi domes)
no groin vaults in aisle, barrel vaults instead
a very solid building, not as much movement
No column screen on gallery level
Dome springs from a higher point and built up from drum (a straight perpendicular wall) this dome is not taking any risk
not a sense of cohesive design with parts of church
in the interior the square piers are quiet visible and element of structure is not hidden |
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Term
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Definition
| a semicircular recess, often crowned by a semi-dome, which is usually set into a building's facade |
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Definition
| the bishops thrown in the apse |
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Term
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Definition
| The bread and wine are prepared for the liturgy on the Prothesis |
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Term
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Definition
| the name given to a chamber on the south side of the central apse of the church, where the vestments, books, etc, that are used in the Divine Services of the church are kept |
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Term
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Definition
Central nave, central nature of this space
prosestional area of building illiminated and nave became central gathering area and the nave was pinched off from the front alter and side rooms. |
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Term
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Definition
differs from four column plan:
four columns replaced by piers creates a square and an outer square and vaults in outer square creates a cross. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| creating little fences around individual pieces of stone work |
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Term
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Definition
| Kofic is an old arabic script and the fake kofic is a part of the middle byzantine decoration trend on the exterior |
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Term
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Definition
| screen that obscures vision into the alter |
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Term
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Definition
| new construction technique, drum rests on curving elements, four squinches that create secondary ar same principal as pendentive but a flat room that fits the circle dome with four regular barrel vaults under the dome and squinches cover the awkward space |
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Term
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Definition
is a Renaissance term for a circular work of art, either a painting or a sculpture.
the ones in Hosios Loukas's narthex are of saints, angles, and prophets |
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Term
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Definition
| depictions of events of Christ's life |
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Term
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Definition
found in the squinshes of the domes.
-there are 12 major feast of the church that may be depicted.
-there is variety on which feast is depicted but the image of each particular feast follows a standard |
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Term
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Definition
in the nativity Salome's story is she was Jesus's nurse and she didn't believe he was define she was bathing him and her hand withered away then she believed is divinity and her hand was restored.
-this is important because the story speaks on him being born as human but reminds us of his divinity. |
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Term
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Definition
christian concept of history, invented by St. augustine.
-sets up a relationship with the events of the old testament and the new testament.
-Jesus represents the new testament with God and carries out the prophecy. It is predicted and it is fore-filled. |
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Term
| Interior Middle Byzantine Tratis |
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Definition
-Use of space
-suffering, choosing to emphasize Christ's death on the cross, his human form. |
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Term
Hagia Eiren
Pre-Macedonian, Constantinople, 532 & 740 |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
The Myrelaion church, constantinople 920 c
Macedonian period
four column plan |
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Definition
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Term
Katholikon (St. Luke of Stiris)
Cross in Square plan |
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Definition
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Term
Monastery of Christ Pantokrator
Christ Pantokrator, four column plan
Virgin eleousa (Virgin of Sweetness), four column plan
Arhangel Michael, 2 domes and the connector between the first 2 churches. shrine and burial for Emperor John II Comnenus |
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Definition
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Term
Theotokos (Virgin and Child on a throne), 867
The apse at Hagia Sophia, the first returning image after iconoclasm |
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Definition
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Term
Theotokos (virgin and child), saints and angels, 6th century
was a reference for hagia sophia's Theotokos |
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Definition
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Term
John Chrysostom, Patriarch,398-404
-stands and stares straight forward
-standard
-identified by inscription |
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Definition
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Term
Ignatios, Patriarch, 847-58
-standing next to John Chrysostom
-post iconoclastic imagery
-Each of the patriarch's facial features are particular and specific to one another |
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Definition
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Term
Monastery church of the Dormition, Daphni (Greece), 1090-1100
-Hierarchy of space |
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Definition
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Term
Narthex of Hosios Loukas
-pattern frame work of marble floor and lower wall
-above the springing of the vaults is gold ground mosiacs
-roof is a series of groin vaulted bays with tondos of saints, angels, and prophets
-Lunettes along the upper wall |
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Definition
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Term
Christ washing the feet of the Apostles
Hosios Loukas-Narthex |
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Definition
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Term
Crucifixion
Hosios Loukas- Narthex |
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Definition
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Term
Anastasis
Hosios Loukas- Narthex
(bringing Adam and Eve from hell during resurrection) |
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Definition
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Term
Christ Pantokrator
above the door in Hogios Loukas-Narthex
the Pantokrator is the all ruling christ, his divine self |
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Definition
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Term
Feast Cycle
Hogios Loukas |
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Definition
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Term
Theotokos Mater theau (Mother of God) Incarnation
the dome space above the Apse in Hogios Loukas |
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Definition
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Term
Pentecost
Dome above Hogios Loukas
-before Christ's assumption he dispenses his holy powers to the apostles and then they spread the teachings of Christianity. |
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Definition
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Term
Pantokrator and Prophets,
Central Dome in Daphni
-prophets predict the 2nd coming, Christ is looking down from heaven into the nave and circle represents rainbow like in prophecy |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the alter area, blocked by chancel barrier or templon screen. |
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Term
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Definition
| s a projection coming out from the soleas (the walkway in front of the iconostasis). The ambo is the platform from which the deacon reads the Gospel[3] and says the litanies, and the priest gives the dismissal during the Divine Services. |
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Term
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Definition
| ciborium is a canopy or covering supported by columns, freestanding in the sanctuary, that covers the altar in a basilica or other church. |
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Term
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Definition
| sets of benches for clergy in alter |
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Term
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Definition
| murals between chancel columns. It heightens the dramatic moment and emphasis on seeing and moments of seeing |
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Term
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Definition
| black paste you rub into letters to make writing standard. |
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Term
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Definition
| term for polishing silver |
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Term
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Definition
| type of beating of the silver/gold. using little hammers to beat out the design from the back. |
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Term
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Definition
| supplication, images that are shown flanking another image |
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Term
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Definition
| enamel so change in vocabulary is important. type of metal working thin pieces of gold saudered vertically on it fencing the image in. different colors of glass paste then thrown in oven and glass paste fuses with metal then polished. very difficult and byzantines did it well and were known for it. |
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Term
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Definition
| semi precious stone from anteguity |
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Term
| middle byzantine liturgical objects |
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Definition
| major shift in materials, color, pearls used. pearls are highly priced for whiteness/ purity so associated with virgin. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| white fine grain stone like pearl. |
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Term
| Chancel barrier with cross 10th-11th c. |
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Definition
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Term
peococks, constantinople, 11th-12th c.
-associated with goddess hera and thought to be divine.
-in christinianity thought to be immortality symbol (an analogy of the body of christ)
-thirsty for the knowledge of the lord.
-subject matter rising up
-symmetrical (visualization of correct/divine order, slightly off position lively, movement, beauty.
-style and carving typical of middle byzantine vines and the birds pop out, a top horisantal line ground would have been painted. |
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Definition
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Term
Orant Virgin, 10th c.
-praying virgin
- stars that adorn mary's garment
-these type of sculpture could be used as screens as well. |
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Definition
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Term
Early Byzantine liturgical plate
The Kaper Koraon Treasure, 6th c. (Riha, Stuma, Hana, Antioch) |
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Definition
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Term
Precessional crsses from the Hama Treasure 6th-7th
-cruciform shape
-silber stamped so know the date
-arms come out to points-phalanges then bottom comes toa point called finicals |
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Definition
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Term
| "Kyriakos, having vowed, presented to hosios sergios" |
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Definition
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Term
Chalice from the Hema Treasure, 547-550
"in fullfillment of a vow and [for] the salvation of symeionios, magistrianos, and of those who belong to him" |
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Definition
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Term
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Knob chalice from the Hama Treasure, 600-650
“In fulfillment of a vow of Sergios and John”
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Definition
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Term
Paten from the hema treasure, mid 6th c
"Treasure of H. Sergios, for the memory of baradatos son of heliodoras"
-invoking memory inscription is a prayer offering |
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Definition
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Term
Paten with chrysogram from the sion treasure, mid 6th c.
"This was presented in the time of our most holy and blessed bishop eutychios" |
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Definition
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Term
Riha Patent, 577
"for the repose of sergia of john and the theodosias and for the salvation of megas and of nonnous and of their children"
-this shows they also created putorials too |
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Definition
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Term
| Candelabra, Hema Treasure 6th |
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Definition
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Term
vase used for holding wine, 6th c.
-reposse work
-arc angel and virgin |
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Definition
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Term
Liturgical spoons, Hema treasure 6th c.
-all have inscriptions that name a person and offer a blessing
-may have been used to spoon out wine from chalice and give to the people.
-spoons added to the separation like the chancel screen. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
Polycandelon, 6th c.
-glass beakers with wick to into holes |
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Definition
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Term
Rhipidion or Flabellom from stuma treasure, 577
-cast as a single piece then beaten and inscribed
-peocock in it, chariot wings-hexapterygon is being represented, six wing figure from isaah 6.3
-cherub angels have eye in wing.
-it is a liturgical fan
-used to keep flys off the eurchurist bread "christ's body"
-symbolic fan
-flys don't land on bread they land on flesh symbolic fan is for shooing away symbolic flys. |
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Definition
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Term
Processional cross front and back, 10th c.
"Lord help your ervant sissinios" (front)
"For the remission of sins of the servants of god sisinnios and john presbyter, amen"
-resurected christ-Deesis-chruch fathers (front)
-John the babtist and saints (back)
-wooden armature in side of it.
-unlike earlier crosses more elaborately decorated with imagery |
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Definition
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Term
Chalic of the Emperor Romanons 10th c
"God help Romanos the Orthodox Emperor" |
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Definition
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Term
Chalice with Eucharistic inscription, 10th - 11th c
-shape is different
-pearls
-enamel inscription
"drink from it all of you, for this is my blood of the new covenant"
-gem stones or glass with color foil on base |
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Definition
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Term
Paten with christ blessing, 11th c.
"take, eat this is my body"
-same details as chalices applied
-enabling
-gems: fake glass/ foil gems
-allabaster |
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Definition
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Term
Paten, Mid 12th c. Matthew 26: 26-28
-casted and engraved
-crucified imagery
-saints around the edge
-gilded silver |
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Definition
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Term
Ascension, 6th C.
-early icons show great variety
-size, subject matter, suggest personal use |
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Definition
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Term
St. Nicholas, Monastery of St. Catherine, Mt. Sinai, 10th C.
-wood panel about 10" high
-tempura-egg binding, common replacement medium for acoustic
-gold ground
-within frame gilding are a series of portraits
-st. nicholas is looking off to the left wearing clergy ropes, holding a bible, has a faint nimbos (halo)
-always dressed in bishops garment
-always grey beard
-complexity:
-military saints not identified, but known by costume and weapons
-the host, the company of heaven
gathering of saints
-small scale made personal for individuals
-meaning to person who has acquired icon
-christ is normally located top center.
-bishops are seen to be representation of christ
-peter and paul early representations of christ
-anargyroi medical doctors
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Definition
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Term
| Middle Byzantine Post Iconoclasm seen in Icons |
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Definition
-Gold ground
-inscription
-treatment of halo ( blends in to background, minimal)
-because of gold ground nicholas appears to pop out, in an unknown space kind of heavenily
-frame |
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Term
| Label the images on the frame of St. Nicholas |
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Definition
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Term
virgin of Vladimir, 12th c
-small
-new theme of virgin, virgin eleousa
-pressing cheeks together
-emphasizes tender relationship between mother and child
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Definition
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Term
Virgin Enthoned with prophets and saints, 1080-1130
"Virgin Kykkotissa" - Kykkos monastery, cypress
-christ is squirming
-shows a fully human baby
-frame: ranks of saints
Complexity:
-infant jesus acting like a human baby
-the center is very small
-whole series of figures around it
-on a thin panel which has bowed overtime
-christ is coming again at last judgement accompanied by winged figures of apocolips
-Anna (mother of mary), Simeon (circumciser of Jesus)
-Esekiel (vision of 2nd coming), David (King David christs ancestor
-Barlaam & Habakkuk prophecies 2nd coming
-Adam and eve Joseph in the center with scroll testament to purity of virgin |
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Definition
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Term
Crucifixion, 1100
-frame, central image recessed
-crucified blood coming from hands and sides
-virgin gesturing towards him
-inscriptions telling whats going on
-elongated portions elegant figures
-elegance reflects standard of beauty of middle byzantine
-gold ground
Frame: saints... |
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Definition
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Term
| Label the Crucifixion's frame |
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Definition
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Term
Virgin Hodegetria (front) & Man of Sorrows (back) 1150-1200
-double sided icon used in procession
-she who shows the way is the hodegetria virgin
-she has a furrowed brow knows the fate of her son
-not gold ground but color of tempura to imitate gold
-man of sorrows is new imagery: inscription
-Basileos tes Doxis= king of glory
-presented as akra tapeinosis (upmost humiliation) |
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Definition
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Term
Annunciation, late 12th c. song of solomon 4:12
- 1 example of other new imagery in middle byzantine
-gold ground
-enthroned virgin, wearing purple, spinning yarn.
-holding red clothe which represents temple in jerusaleum that was ripped away, wearing typical red shoes
-the dove that symbolizes the holy spirit.
-taking place around river edge
-halos are consistent with st. nicholas to contrast with gold ground but finely defined circles associated technique with icons from sinai
-a tiny little reside (black and white image) of christ. holy ghost going in to impregnate mary
-reference to song of Solomn is her house with enclosed garden which the virgin represents when impregnated with out insertion
-Maenad (classical figure)
-arch angel has swishing ropes like maenad's looks like just whooshed down
-distorted stance in twisted form shows angels that don't have bodies is not confined.
-the river, about spring associated with descriptive genre. referring to the enclosed garden of solomn and the virgin
-retrospec that looks back to classical past |
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Definition
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Term
Heavenly Ladder of John Klimax, late 10th c.
-heavenly ladder is about tasks for monks arriving to spiritual purity
-gold ground
-shows the monks working their way up the ladder
-monks below are like cheerleaders
-cheering angels up top
-nice composition with diagonal ladder
-parallel being drawn between angels and monks
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Definition
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Term
Menelogian diptych with feast scenes, 11th c.
-tops christ and Eleloza Virgin
-lined up are all the saints, starting at september 1st
-new icon |
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Definition
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Term
St. Panteleimon, early 13th c.
-Theme of individual saint new "vita icon"
large 2-3 feet
-carries cross, doctors bay
-framed story of saint start as pagen, becomes christian, miracles, tough to kill then cuts head off
-egg shaped face
-fufu hairdo
Complexity:
-cycle of life images
-narrative bounces around frame, not painted in order, chaos and complexity
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Definition
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Term
Forty Martyrs of Sebaste, 10th c, Leningrad and Berlin
-ivory
-frozen lake told to strip and all martrys froze to death for standing up for beliefs
-inscription describing whats going on
-christ enthroned flanked by angels
-general theme is the same
-within the scene the line up of figures are quiet similar
-different than early pre iconoclastic century. iconography differed a lot.
complexity
-to the standard image of the saint detail can be added with frame
-new 13th c. icon the vita icon with visual description of saints life
Complexity:
-enriching image with extra set of images |
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Definition
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Term
Harbaville triptych, mid 11th c.
-ivory
-closed rows of saints, center row of busts
-eclisatical liturgical saints-prophets of old testament
-famous for establish intellectual religion
-back opened:
paradise garden,cypress trees, grape vines (reference to christ describes himself as the true vine) roses. cross
-great interpreters of christian image
-inside opened
-left and right military saints top, ecclesiastical saint below combination in bust
-christ enthroned in center
-arch angels flank and john the babtist and virgin active life vs. contemplative life
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Definition
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Term
Nikander, Theiraka and Alexipharmaka, 10th c.
-secular text
-about curing snake bites
-rare and most secular texts that have survived rarely have images |
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Definition
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Term
Khluvdov Psalter, mid 9th c.
-one of earliest manuscripts after iconoclasm
-showing us psalm 68
-old testament text
-speaks on taxing the innocent and unjust tourment
-tempura painting
-image of iconoclast destroying an image of christ paired with an image of a man tormenting christ on the cross with a sponge of vinegar. relating to the psalm and torment of christ |
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Definition
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Term
Bible of Leo Sakellarios, 940
-Opens up on double page
-Leo offers book to mary
-she gestures to christ to so connection between Leo and Christ
-St. Nicholas in the same setting.
-inscribed all over the place
-offers the bible "in exchange for indictments against him"
- left of St. Nicholas Makar, abbot of the monastery
-right brother founder of the monastery |
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Definition
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Term
Moses on Sinai, From Leo Bible compared to another Moses on Sinai from Paris Manuscript
-a sequence of events provided all in one frame.
-bulk, light and shade, group of men showing heads behind techniques pricked up from 6th c. create an era of antiquity |
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Definition
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Term
Psalter of Basil II, 973-1025
-frontas piece
-shows basil on gold ground
-christ giving him crown, angel giving spear, other angel adjusting his crown
-military saint icons, Basil's being compared to
-bottom people he has defeated groveling |
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Definition
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Term
| Scenes from the life of David, Fol 4 v |
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Definition
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Term
Paris Psalter, Bibliotheque Nationale, Ms. Gr. 139, 950-70
Constantine VII Porphyrogenitos (945-59)
-The most important manuscript
-Has an incipit
-thought to be made for Emperor Constantine
-Personal text for studying
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Definition
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Term
David between Wisdom and Prophecy (Paris Psalter)
-front page of Paris Manuscript
-Tempura on Parchment
-Gold Leaf
-small
-center: David, byzantine empirical court dress
-Gold tapleon embroidered patch
-Wisdom's gesture says pay attention, Prophecy has a scroll looking to Christ's coming |
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Definition
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Term
David Composing the Psalms (Paris Psalter)
-seeing him in landscape with animals
-a river God (classical mythology)
-behind David is figure of melody
-an image created in a classical style |
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Definition
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Term
Gospel from the Holy Monastery of Iveron, Mt. Athos 1075-1150
-marginal text, personal, produced for intensive study
-gospels are more standard
-incipit st. mark (typical to see st. mark, st. luke, or st. john on first page of gospel)
-red curtain is known as:
ENCHEIRION: what you draw down on an icon when not praying this one is drawn back saying we are looking at an icon |
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Definition
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Term
Four Gospels from the Holy Monastery of St. John the Teologian, Patmos, Cod 274 1125-50
-Baptism of Christ and St. Mark with Incipit to Gospel of Mark
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Four Gospels, Princeton Canon Tables, late 11th and early 12th c.
-list chapter and versus christs life appear in gospel cross referencing system
-customary enamel and metal working imitation |
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Gospel Lectionary, Morgan Library Ms 639, Harrowing of hell and John with Prochoras Late 11th c.
-decorative elements similar to gospel text |
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Homilies of Gregory of Nazianzus (Paris Gregory) 879-83, Biblioteque National, Paris, Ms. Gr. 510 Fol 249
-Ezekiel in the valley of the dry bones.
-Ezekiel is bottom right lead by angels
-image framed by gold necklace |
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Raising of Lazarus
Entry into Jerusalem |
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Dream of Constantine
Battle of the Milvian Bridge
Discovery of the true cross |
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| document, book written by hand |
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a scroll, what existed prior to the codex
the scroll was associated to antiquity and the old testament
seeing prophets with scrolls
new testament history (christ, apostles, saints) seen with codices |
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| putting together manuscripts, books |
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folio-single page with two sides
front side - recto
back side- verso
gather a group of folios and create quire
then quires gather together to make book |
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| are also called illuminations: small images in text |
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| illuminated letters, comes at the beginning of a manuscript |
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| margin text, for personal codex for studying |
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1st five books of old testament
1st eight books of old testament |
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| based on gospels, arranged in liturigal year in order. year starts at easter |
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Virgin Enthroned by prophets continued
-what they do they draw on certain ideas and process of christianity the fortelling of christ both through prophecy and lineage. any visual of virgin and child is visual of incarnation of God.
-Incarnation vs. 2nd coming
-infant vulnerable christ vs. all powerful christ (all holding christ)
-Virgin's face, lovely oval face, dark circles the byzantines used for grief. looking off at simeon who has the prophecy of whats going to befall her child.
-draws viewer in with underscoring of whats going to happen
-they invite personal interaction by small scale.
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Harbaville triptych continued
-deesis-intervention, hand gesture that indicates interceding and intervening
-Bottom middle peter is on his own platform of honor. placed directly under christ gesturing toward christ rhetorically saying pay attention to christ with his gesture
Formal Elements:
-military saints contropasto stance with motion
-others still expresses their nature
-overall composition division of panels and symmetry also express the nature of the icon
-orderly is appropriate to subject mater
-daxis= glory
-taxis = order
-a symmetry that is not absolute. create the sense of vitality
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