Term
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Definition
cowpox protects from smallpox
latin cow = vacca -> vaccine |
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Term
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Definition
| made vaccine against pasteurella multocida |
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Term
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Definition
attenuated live
inactivated (killed), whole or subunit
toxoid |
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Term
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Definition
AKA modifies live vaccines
pathogens are living but have reduced virulence
immune response is from TH1 and cytotoxic T cells |
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Term
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Definition
3 ways:
raised in tissue culture cells that they aren't used to, so they give up their ability to cause disease
culture under unusual conditions
manipulate genes |
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Term
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Definition
stimulates a strong immune response-> last a long time
people with the vaccine can infect other ppl -> herd immunity |
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Term
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Definition
can cause mild infections
pregnant women and immunosuppressed ppl can't get them
vaccines can mutate back to virulent or wild form |
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Term
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Definition
can be whole dead pathogens of parts of pathogens with antigen on them
formaldehyde is used to deactivate them
starts TH2 response -> antibody-mediated immunity |
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Term
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Definition
| safer than live vaccine- cannot replicate or mutate |
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Term
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Definition
no herd immunity
whole agents can start inflammation
microbes don't reproduce -> weak immune response
need multiple doses or adjuvant to make it more effective |
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Term
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Definition
toxins that are modified by heat or chemicals
good for some bacterial diseases
start antibody-mediated immunity
don't replicate -> need multiple doses |
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Term
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Definition
give pre-formed antibodies to patient
used for quick protection
give patient antiserum |
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Term
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Definition
contains antibodies from a person or animal that has had the disease
can also pass other viruses and antibodies to thing we don't need
can cause allergic reation |
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Term
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Definition
combination of antiserum with plasma cancer cell
make monoclonal antibodies
alternative to antiserum |
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Term
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Definition
| study and diagnostic use of antigen-antibody interactions in blood |
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Term
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Definition
precipitation tests
Agglutination tests
Neutralization tests
labeled antibody tests |
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Term
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Definition
easy
works because antigens and antibody mixed in the right proportions precipitate |
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Term
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Definition
used to measure how much antibody/immunoglobulin is in serum
how:
make anti-antibodies by putting antibodies into another species |
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Term
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Definition
improves resolution of immunodiffusion test
mostly used to show an absence or excess of a certain antigen |
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Term
| what is the biggest difference between the agglutination and precipitation tests? |
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Definition
| in the agglutination test, insoluble particles clump together |
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Term
| what is an example of an agglutination test? |
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Definition
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Term
| neutralization tests 2 types |
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Definition
viral neutralization
viral hemagglutination inhibition test |
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Term
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Definition
useful for viruses that kill cells
virus and blood mixed in culture. If cells don't die, then the person has antibodies against it and are immune. |
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Term
| Viral Hemagglutination inhibition test |
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Definition
useful for viruses that clump cells instead of killing them.
if serum mixed with virus don't clump, then there is an antibody for the virus that stops it from clumping the RBCs
used for flu, measles, mumps |
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Term
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Definition
use antibodies with labels so you can detect them
3 examples:
fluorescent antibody tests
ELISA
Western Blot test |
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Term
| fluorescent antibody test |
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Definition
use fluor. dyes as labels
dyes antibody without affecting its ability to bind antigen
can be direct or indirect |
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Term
| direct fluorescent antibody test |
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Definition
used to identify if bacteria is in patient
attach marker onto antibody
let bind to antigen
see if glows
not a quantitative test |
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Term
| Indirect fluorescent antibody test |
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Definition
| same as direct but use 2 antibodies: one tagged, one not tagged. |
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Term
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Definition
enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
checks for presence of antibody or antigen
the enzyme is the label
quantitative |
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Term
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Definition
| detects multiple types of antibodies |
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Term
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Definition
rapid
tagged antigen linked to color on a porous strip
used in pregnancy tests |
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