Shared Flashcard Set

Details

BY 409 - Test I part III
Part III test 1
185
Biology
Undergraduate 3
09/08/2009

Additional Biology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
what are postsynaptic potentials?
Definition

these are changes in the postsynaptic membrane potentials (ie. postsynaptic potentials) in response to neurotransmitters

 

there are 2 types:

EPSP

IPSP

Term
T/F: the potential produced by one synapse is usually about 5 to 20 millivolts (mV)
Definition

False:

the potential produced by one synapse is usually about 0.5 to 2.0 millivolts

Term

T/F: potential produced by one syanpse is usually not enough to reach a threshold potential

why or why not?

Definition

True:

recall that a single synapse usually produces about 0.5 to 2.0 millivolts (mV) of potential

 

in order to reach a threshold, the potential needs to be about 15mV to 25mV

Term
define: grand postsynaptic potential
Definition
grand postsynaptic potential is the total potential in a postsynaptic neuron due to the summation of all potentials produced from the many synaptic transmissions in a neuron
Term
T/F: temporal and spatial summation are two basic methods of summing potentials to produce an action potential
Definition
True
Term
T/F: temporal summation uses different axons that generate successive action potentials
Definition

False:

temporal summation is rapid successive discharge from the same* axon terminal

 

temporal means over time

 

 

Term
T/F: temporal and spatial summation cause IPSPs
Definition

False:

temporal and spatial summation cause EPSPs

Term
which summation has rapid succession of EPSPs that build upon another?
Definition
temporal summation
Term
T/F: both temporal and spatial summation involve acting on only one postsynaptic neuron
Definition

True:

only one postsynaptic neuron is doing the summation of multiple impulses whether temporal or spatial

Term
T/F: spatial summation means summation over a period
Definition

False:

summation over an area

Term
T/F: spatial summation involves one axon terminal and one postsynaptic neuron
Definition

False:

spatial summation involves multiple axon terminals

and

one postsynaptic neuron

Term
___________ summation is many EPSPs at the same time from different neurons
Definition
spatial summation
Term
T/F: all neurotransmitters are very similar in structure
Definition

False:

they vary widely in structure

Term
which neurotransmitters do we have to know?
Definition

1) acetylcholine

 

2) norepinephrine

 

3) dopamine

 

4) serotonin

 

5) glutamate

 

6) GABA

 

7) glycine

 

and neuropeptides

Term

_________ is the most abundant neurotransmitter in the CNS

 

_________ is the most abundant neurotransmitter in the PNS

Definition

GABA = most abundant in CNS

 

Acetylcholine = most abundant in PNS

Term
Tell whether each of the neurotransmitters is found in CNS or PNS
Definition

Acetylcholine = CNS and PNS

 

Norepinephrine = CNS and PNS

 

Dopamine = CNS

 

Serotonin = CNS

 

Glutamate = CNS

 

GABA = CNS

 

 

Neuropeptides:

Endorphins = CNS

 

Nitric Oxide = CNS and PNS

Term
which NT has to do with Alzeihmer's disease?
Definition
Acetylcholine
Term
which neurotransmitter has to do with love and romance?
Definition

Dopamine

 

dopamine activity has been hypothesized to be involved in feelings associated with love and romance

Term
which neurotransmitter has to do with raphe nuclei?
Definition

Serotonin

 

Serotonin is released from neurons in the brain and particularly from the 'raphe nuclei' located in the brainstem

Term
which neurotransmitter is related to the hallucinogenic drug LSD?
Definition

Serotonin

 

the hallucinogenic drug LSD is an 'agonist' to serotonin

LSD binds to serotonin receptors and stimulates serotonin activity, ie. agonistic behavior

Term
which neurotransmitter has to do with NMDA?
Definition

glutamate

 

NMDA is one type of glutamate receptor and it is important in memory (ie. long term potentiation of neurons)

Term
which neurotransmitters are inhibitory neurotransmitters?
Definition

Serotonin

GABA

glycine

Term
which neurotransmitter has to do with Huntington's Disease?
Definition

GABA

 

degeneration of GABA producing neurons in CNS can result in Huntington's Disease or Huntington's Chorea

Term
which neurotransmitter is related to rodent poison?
Definition

Glycine

 

"Strychnine" is used as a rodent poison and blocks glycine postsynaptic receptors

Term
_________ is also the NT in neuromuscular junctions
Definition
ACh
Term
T/F: ACh is produced by many neurons in the CNS
Definition

True

 

recall that ACh is produced in PNS and CNS

most abundant NT in PNS

Term
what are cholinergic neurons?
Definition
these are neurons that release ACh
Term
what is senile dementia?
Definition
another name for Alzeihmer's disease
Term
which is the most common neuro-degenerative disease?
Definition
Alzeihmer's disease
Term
T/F: glutamate was the first NT identified
Definition

False:

ACh

Term
T/F: Serotonin are involved in the arousal of CNS (alertness of the CNS)
Definition

False:

Norepinephrine are involved in the arousal of the CNS (ie. alertness of the CNS)

Term
T/F: norepinephrine is involved in the arousal of the PNS
Definition

False:

norepinephrine is involved in the arousal of CNS (not PNS) - alertness of CNS

Term
what enhances norepinephrine activity?
Definition

Stress

Caffeine

drugs such as amphetamines and cocaine

Term
what enhances dopamine activity?
Definition

amphetamines

cocains

nicotine

alcohol

marijuana

morphine

Term
T/F: cocaine enhances dopamine activity by increasing the release of dopamine from the axon terminal
Definition

False:

cocaine (and all other things that enhance dopamine activity) block the re-uptake of dopamine after its release from the axon terminal thus prolonging its effect on the synapse

Term
T/F: lack of dopamine causes Schizophrenia
Definition

False:

excessive dopamine activity causes Schizophrenia

 

Term
T/F: glutamate is derived from tryptophan
Definition

False:

Serotonin is derived from tryptophan

Term
T/F: serotonin can affect sleep
Definition

True:

both tryptophan (serotonin is derived from tryptophan) and serotonin affect sleep

Term

locus ceruleus =

substantia nigra =

raphe nuclei =

Definition

= norepinephrine

= dopamine

= serotonin

Term
which NT has to do with emotions?
Definition

Dopamine, Serotonin, and GABA

 

Dopamine = involved in emotions such as the feelings of well being, happiness (elation) and in the 'behavior and reward areas' of the brain

 

Serotonin = important in regulation emotional states such as 'depression' and 'elation'

 

GABA = appears to be involved in emotions (anti-anxiety drugs)

Term
which two diseases are reverse of each other - in other words, if there is too much of a particular NT, then one disease occurs and if there is too little of the same NT, then another disease occurs?
Definition

Parkinson's Disease and Schizophrenia

 

Parkinson's disease is associated with the degeneration of the dopmanergic neurons in the substantia nigra

 

Schizophrenia is associated with excessive dopamine activity

Term
what enhances serotonin activity?
Definition

Antidepressant drugs such as Prozac, Zoloft, and Paxil

 

these drugs enhance serotonin activity by blocking the reuptake of serotonin into the presynaptic neuron

recall this was the same mechanism that cocaine uses to enhance dopamine activity

Term

what is the difference between antidepressant drugs and hallucinogenic drugs?

both have to do with the same NT - which NT is it?

give the abbreviations of the two drugs:

Definition

Both antidepressant drugs and hallucinogenic drug enhance serotonin activity

 

antidepressant drugs enhance serotonin activity by inhibiting the re-uptake of serotonin by the presynaptic neuron

hallucinogenic drug enhance serotonin activity by acting as agonists - they bind to serotonin receptors and stimulate serotonin acitivity (ie. agonistic behavior)

 

the antidepressant drugs are called SSRI's = selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors

the hallucinogenic drug is LSD

Term
T/F: serotonin affects sleep as well as arouses apetite
Definition

False:

1) serotonin does affect sleep (as well as tryptophan)

 

2) serotonin suppresses sleep

Term

T/F: glycine is involved in endogenous 'analgesia' system

what is that?

Definition

False:

serotonin is involved in endogenous 'analgesia' system

 

it means that serotonin has the ability to block the transmission of pain information

Term
what is an example of endogenous 'analgesia' system?
Definition

recall that serotonin has the ability to block transmission of pain information

 

ex: serotonin agonists are often used to treat migraines

Term
T/F: MSG is used as a sensation enhancer
Definition

False:

MSG is used as a taste enhancer that is added to many processed foods

 

it is also a food additive that may stimulate glutamate receptors

 

MSG = monosodium glutamate

Term

T/F: NMDA is one type of glutamate

what is its function?

Definition

False:

NMDA is a receptor

NMDA is one type of glutamate receptor

 

NMDA appears to be important in memory (ie. long term potentiation of neurons)

Term
T/F: about 1/3 of the neurons in the brain release glutamate
Definition

False:

about 1/3 of the neurons in the brain release GABA

GABA is the most abundant NT in CNS

 

Term
which NT have to do with motor movements?
Definition

Dopamine, GABA, and Glycine

 

Dopamine appears to be involved in many 'motor' functions (Parkinson's disease)

 

GABA appears to be involved in motor movements - can inhibit unwanted motor activity (Tetanus toxin)

 

Glycine suppresses nonessential motor activities

Term
T/F: tetanus toxin inhibits the re-uptake of GABA by presynaptic neuron hence causing a decreased motor activity
Definition

False:

it does the opposite

if it inhibited reuptake of GABA, then that would increase motor activity but either way its all false

 

1) tetanus toxin inhibits the release of GABA from axon terminals resulting in loss of inhibition which causes uncontrolled muscle spasms

 

so GABA's normal function is to inhibit motor activity but if you stop releasing GABA then you cannot inhibit motor activity anymore which results in an increase in motor activity (ie. spasms)

Term
_________ is a rare neurological disease
Definition

Huntington's disease

 

 

Term
T/F: Huntington's disease occurs b/c of degeneration of dopamenergic neurons
Definition

False:

Huntington's disease occurs b/c of degeneartion of GABA producing neurons in CNS

 

degeneration of dopamenergic neurons causes Parkinson's disease

Term
explain what happens in Huntington's disease?
Definition

it is a rare hereditary neurological disease

 

1) characterized by spasmodic movements (eg. arms, legs, face, etc)

 

2) includes loss of mental functions due to degeneration GABA neurons- there is a loss of inhibition by GABA

 

huntington's disease is caused by a defecive gene

Term
T/F; huntington's disease is not hereditary
Definition

False:

it is

 

caused by a defective gene

Term
T/F: Valium is one of the most common selling prescription drug
Definition

False:

Prozac is the most common selling prescription drug

Term

what kind of drugs are Valium and Librium?

which NT are they related to?

what is their function?

Definition

Valium and Librium are anti-anxiety drugs

 

They are related to GABA

 

they act by enhancing GABA activity. 

they have a calming effect on the nervous system

Term
T/F: amphetamines and cocaine enhance GABA activity
Definition

False:

amphetamines and cocaine enhance norepinephrine and dopamine activity

 

anti-anxiety drugs enhance GABA activity

Term
T/F: GABA is an inhibitory NT
Definition

True

 

along with serotonin and glycine

Term
which NT is released from the spinal cord?
Definition

Glycine

 

glycine is released from the lower brainstem and spinal cord

Term
__________ and __________ inhibit unwanted motor activity
Definition
GABA and glycine
Term
T/F: GABA stimulates the opening of Cl channels thus causing IPSPs
Definition

False:

glycine stimulates the opening of Cl channels thus causing IPSPs

Term
T/F: neuropeptides are neurotransmitters released by neurons
Definition

True:

neuropeptides are peptides* but they are peptide neurotransmitters* also which are released by neurons

 

Term
T/F: all neuropeptides have modulating effects on neurons
Definition

False:

not all but some do

other neuropeptides act like neurotransmitters (bind to receptors in synapse and cause opening of ion channels etc)

Term
what are neuromodulators?
Definition
neuromodulators are neuropeptides that have a modulating effect on neurons
Term

T/F: neuropeptides usually cause rapid, long term effects on postsynaptic neurons

what does this mean?

Definition

False:

they cause slow, long term effects on postsynaptic neurons

 

this means that they increase or decrease excitability of neurons

Term
what are examples of neuropeptides?
Definition

Endorphins

 

Nitric Oxide (NO)

Term
T/F: antipsychotic drugs are used to treat Parkinsons disease
Definition

False:

they are used to treat Schizophrenic patients

 

they act by blocking dopamine receptors

Term
_________ and ________ are involved in emotional states of well being and reward centers in brain
Definition
Dopamine and Endorphins
Term

where are endorphins found?

where are NO found?

Definition
endorphins found in CNS
NO found in CNS and PNS
Term
T/F: endorphins are endogenous
Definition

True:

they are endogenously produced morphine like compounds

Term
how do endorphins act as painkillers?
Definition
they block the transmission of pain in CNS
Term
T/F: endorphins are produced in response to arousal of the CNS
Definition

False:

endorphins are produced in response to pain, stress, exercise etc

Term
endorphins bind to _________ receptors
Definition
opioid receptors
Term
T/F: opium, morphine etc block enodrphin activity
Definition

False:

opium, morphine, heroine, methadone are agonists so they bind to opioid receptors and stimulate activity

 

naloxone is a drug that binds to opioid receptors and blocks* the effect thereby acting as antagonist to endorphins

Term
___________ is a gas that is a regulatory moleucle in body
Definition
NO
Term
when is NO produced?
Definition
NO is produced in response to Ca influx in the axon terminal
Term
T/F: NO does not go into the postsynaptic neurons
Definition

False:

it does go into the postsynaptic neuron but it just does not bind to the postsynaptic receptors

 

it directly goes from the presynaptic neuron through the synapse to postsynaptic neuron

Term
T/F: NO is not lipid soluble
Definition

False:

it is lipid soluble

 

this is why it can go from presynaptic neuron to postsynaptic neuron

Term
__________ and ___________ are important in longer term potentiation of neurons
Definition

glutamate and NO

 

one type of glutamate receptor called NMDA is important in memory

 

NO is involved in memory and learning via long term potentiation

Term
what happens when there is a blockage of Ca influx into the axon terminal?
Definition

this has to do with NO

 

blockage of Ca influx into the axon terminal causes relaxation of the smooth muscles - this includes intestines and respiratory passages

 

this in turn causes vasodilation of the blood vessels in various tissues including the brain and penis

Term
what enhances NO?
Definition
the drug viagra enhances NO by blocking the breakdown of cGMP
Term
T/F: NO stimulates the production of Calcium
Definition

False:

stimulates the production of second messengers (eg. cGMP)

 

calcium influx into axon terminal causes the production of NO

Term

which is the only neurotransmitter that may act in retrograde fashion?

when will it act in this fashion?

Definition

NO

 

postsynaptic neuron to presyanptic neuron

 

it does this when NO is involved in learning and memory (long term potentiation)

Term
T/F: neurotransmitters are always degraded once they are released into the synapse and affect postsynaptic neurons
Definition

False:

they are not always degraded

 

they can be degraded or they can return back into the presynaptic axon terminal

Term
why are NT degraded or taken back immediately after their release?
Definition
it prevents over stimulation of the synapse
Term
acetylcholine is broken down by ___________ that is located in the ____________
Definition
acetylcholine is broken down by acetylcholinesterase that is located in the postsynaptic neuron
Term
T/F: up to 8% of dopamine and norepinephrine is degraded by MAO
Definition

False:

up to 80% of dopamine and norepinephrine is taken back into the presynaptic axon terminal and then broken down by MAO

Term

T/F: MAO is located in presynaptic neuron while COMT is located in the postsynaptic neuron

 

what is common between the two?

Definition

True:

 

they are both enzymes that break down dopamine and norepinephrine

Term

T/F: Crostridio tetano is a bacteria that produces tetanus toxin

 

Definition

False:

Clostridium tetani is a bacteria that produces tetanus toxin

 

this toxin inhibits the release of GABA into the synapses and results in loss of inhibition which causes uncontrolled muscle spasms

Term
what is the function of cholinesterase inhibitors?
Definition

cholinesterase inhibitors inhibit the breakdown of acetylcholine thereby prolonging its effect in the synapse

 

they are used to treat Alzeihmer's disease

Term
T/F: many insecticides and nerve gas contain MAO inhibitors
Definition

False:

many insecticides and nerve gas contain cholinesterase inhibitors which prevent the breakdown of acetylcholine

Term
what is used to treat Parkinson's disease?
Definition
MAO inhibitors and COMT inhibitors - they are used to inhibit the breakdown of dopamine and norepinephrine thereby enhancing their activity and treating Parkinson's disease
Term
__________ is slowed movement
Definition

bradykinesis

 

this is a symptom of Parkinson's disease (dopamine)

Term

how are serotonin ehancers involved in pharmacology?

 

what are they used to treat?

Definition

we know that serotonin enhancers are antidepressant drugs and hallucinogenic drugs

 

the antidepressant drugs (Prozac, Zoloft, and Paxil) enhance serotonin activity by blocking its reuptake

 

this is the pharmacology of serotonin

 

they are used to treat depression/anxiety disorders

Term
T/F: 90% of the cells in the PNS are glial cells
Definition

False:

90% of the cells in the CNS are glial cells

Term
1/2 of the brain's volume =
Definition
glial cells
Term
T/F: glial cells maintain homeostasis by maintaining ECF in the body
Definition

False:

they help maintain proper conditions in the brain's* (not the body) ECF thus maintaining homeostasis

Term
T/F; glial cells have nothing to do with homeostasis
Definition

False:

glial cells maintain proper conditions in brain's ECF thus maintaining homeostasis for neurons

Term
T/F: glial cells have many functions
Definition

True

they are multifunctional support cells

Term
what are all the glial cells?
Definition

Oligodendroctyes = CNS

 

Schwann Cells = PNS

 

Astrocytes = CNS

 

Microglia = CNS

 

Ependymal cells = CNS

Term
T/F: saltatory conduction is referred to 'dancing' or 'running' from one node to another
Definition

False:

its 'dancing' or 'leaping' from one node to another

Term
T/F: myelin sheaths are areas of depolarization
Definition

False:

myelin sheaths prevent depolarization

 

Nodes of ranvier are areas of depolarization

Term
T/F: one oligodendrocyte is able to myelinate many axons while one schwann cell can only myelinate one axon
Definition

True:

one oligodendrocyte = many axons

one schwann cells = one axon

 

in fact, many schwann cells are need to myelinate one axon

Term

T/F: myelin sheaths are layers of lipid that surround the cell body of a neuron from surrounding ICF

what is their function?

Definition

False:

1) myelin sheaths are layers of lipid that surround the axon (not the cell body) of a neuron

 

2) myelin sheaths surround the axon from the surrounding ECF (not ICF)

Term
___________ is the location of depolarization
Definition
Nodes of Ranvier
Term
which two things cause an increase in velocity conduction in axons?
Definition

1) saltatory conduction - myelin sheaths

 

2) diameter of axons

greater the diameter, faster the conduction

Term
T/F: action potential propagation by saltatory conduction increases velocity conduction by 500 times
Definition

False:

increases velocity conduction by 5 to 50 times

Term

T/F: saltatory conduction has something to do with energy

 

Definition

True:

action potential propagation by saltatory conduction conserves energy b/c fewer ions need to pumped back aross membrane to reestablish the resting potential

Term
T/F: squids have giant axons for reproduction
Definition

False:

squids have giant axons to control their movements

Term
____________ are used for basic studies of axon and __________ physiology
Definition
squid giant axons are used for basic studies of axon and synaptic physiology
Term
what is Multiple sclerosis related to?
Definition
Oligodendrocytes
Term
T/F: MS is not hereditary
Definition
true
Term
T/F: MS is associated with the immune system
Definition

True:

MS is an autoimmune disease where the immune system attacks the myelin

 

the causes are unclear

Term
what happens to people with MS?
Definition

MS causes inflammation of myelin, resulting in a progressive demyelination of nerve fibers in various areas of the CNS

 

this impairs the normal transmission of action potentials

 

therefore people with MS end up having:

impaired sensory perception

impaired motor coordination

Term
T/F: MS affects CNS and PNS
Definition

False:

only CNS

recall that oligodendrocytes are found in CNS

Term
T/F: multiple scars is abbreviated as MS
Definition

False:

multiple sclerosis is abbreviated as MS

 

multiple sclerosis means multiple scars

Term

T/F: MS usually affects different ares of the CNS

what does this mean?

Definition

True:

MS affects different areas of the CNS

this means that the symptoms are different and hard to diagnose

Term
__________ can be replasing or progressive or combinations of both
Definition
MS
Term
T/F: nodes of ranvier occur between two oligodendrocytes and two schwann cells
Definition

True:

nodes of ranvier are found between successive cells of oligodendrocytes and schwann cells

Term
___________ are similar in function to oligodendrocytes
Definition
Schwann cells
Term
T/F: GBS is associated with oligodendrocytes
Definition

False:

GBS is associated with Schwann cells

MS is associated with oligodendrocytes

Term

what is a regeneration tube?

what causes it?

Definition

successive schwann cells around a single axon creates a regeneration tube

 

regeneration tube acts as a guide for the repair of damaged neurons (eg. severed neuron)

 

this why if neurons are damaged in PNS then they can be repaired but neurons that are damaged in CNS cannot be repaired b/c oligodendrocytes do not create regeneration tubes

Term
T/F: neurons cannot be repaired
Definition

False:

neurons in the CNS cannot be repaired but neurons in the PNS can be repaired b/c of regeneration tubes

Term
T/F: while MS is an autoimmune disease, GBS is not
Definition

False:

both are autoimmune diseases

 

GBS is sometimes provoked by a virus

Term

what causes GBS?

what happens to people that have GBS?

Definition

GBS is caused by inflammation and demyelination of the PNS neurons which results in impaired functions of the neurons, paralysis

 

people with GBS have progressive weakness and/or paralysis

Term
which disease has to do with a virus?
Definition

GBS

it is sometimes provoked by a virus

Term
T/F: about to 8-9% of the people that get GBS die
Definition

False:

1) 80-90% of the people spontaneously recover

no one dies

 

however, permanent disabilities do occur

Term
how long could it take to recover from GBS?
Definition
several weeks to several years however permanent disabilities do occur
Term
T/F: Astrocytes are found in the CNS and the PNS
Definition

False:

only CNS

Term
__________ helps form blood brain barrier
Definition
Astrocytes
Term
which glial cells have diverse functions?
Definition
Astrocytes
Term
what are all the functions of Astrocytes?
Definition

1) help hold neurons in place

 

2) guide neurons to their final destination during development

 

3) help regulate ECF in CNS including pH and ions

 

4) take up neurotransmitters from the ECF thus helping to quickly terminate neurotransmitter effects

 

5) can directly connect with neurons via gap junctions

 

6) can store glycogen in CNS

 

7) enhance synaptic acitivy and promote the formation of new synapses

Term
how are astrocytes related to learning and memory?
Definition

one of the functions of astrocytes is to enhance synaptic activity and promote the formation of new synapses

this appears to have an important role in learning and memory

Term
T/F: exercise may allow astrocytes to increase glycogen storage in brain
Definition

False:

sleep may allow astrocytes to increase glycogen storage in brain

Term
what helps guide neurons to their proper destination during development?
Definition
Astrocytes
Term
T/F: ependymal cells help regulate ECF in CNS
Definition

False:

that is the function of astrocytes

Term
Microglia are _________ cells and __________ cells
Definition
Microglia are immune defense cells and amoeboid phagocytic cells
Term
Microglial cells act as ___________ while Ependymal cells act as ___________
Definition

MIcroglial cells act as 'trash collectors'

while

Ependymal cells act as 'neural stem cells'

Term
T/F: Ependymal cells contribute to formation of CSF
Definition
True
Term
which cells respond to infection?
Definition
Microglial cells are highly mobile in the CNS in response to infection
Term
why are microglial cells known as trash collectors?
Definition
they remove foreign and degenerate material in the CNS
Term
T/F: Ependymal cells have nothing to do with PNS
Definition

True

they are found in CNS

Term
T/F: astrocytes line the internal cavities of brain and spinal cord
Definition

False:

ependymal cells line the internal cavities of brain and spinal cord

Term
which disease is microglial cell associated with?
Definition

microglial cells are associated with Alzeihmer's disease, stroke, and MS

 

overactive microglial cells are involved in variety of inflammation-related CNS disorders including Alzeihmer's disease, stroke, and MS

Term
how do ependymal cells act as neural stem cells?
Definition
they are called that b/c they form new glial cells and neurons
Term
which cells line the internal cavities of brain and spinal cord?
Definition
ependymal cells
Term
what all do we have to know about ependymal cells?
Definition

1) they line internal cavities of brain and spinal cord

 

2) they contribute to the formation of CSF

 

3) they can act as 'neural stem cells' for forming new glial cells and neurons

Term
what does the PNS include?
Definition

cranial nerves

spinal nerves

peripheral nerves

Term
T/F: the CNS is divded into somatic and autonomic nervous systems
Definition

False:

the PNS is divded into autonomic and somatic nervous system

Term
explain the division of PNS:
Definition

PNS is divided into:

Autonomic nervous system

Somatic nervous system

 

Somatic nervous system is divided into:

somatic sensory division

somatic motor division

 

Autonomic nervous system is divided into:

parasympathetic nervous system

symapthetic nervous system

Term
Somatic nervous system innervates _________ and __________
Definition

body walls and muscles

like skin, muscles etc

Term
Autonomic nervous system innervates ___________ and ____________
Definition
viscera and blood vessels
Term

what is the difference between somatic sensory division and somatic motor division?

what are they divisions of?

Definition

somatic sensory and somatic motor divisions are divisions of the somatic nervous system which in turn is a division of the PNS

 

somatic sensory division conducts information to CNS

 

somatic motor division conducts information from CNS to muscles

Term
in what division are somatic sensory receptors located?
Definition
under somatic sensory division of the somatic nervous system
Term
what are all the somatic sensory receptors that we have to know?
Definition

1) tactile receptors

 

2) thermoreceptors

 

3) pain receptors

 

4) proprioreceptors

Term
tactile receptors includes ________ and __________
Definition

pacinian corpusles

and

hair receptors

Term
thermoreceptors includes __________ and ________
Definition

cold receptors

and

warm receptors

Term
proprioreceptors includes _______ and _________
Definition

muscle spindle

and

golgi tendon organ

Term
what is the function of somatic sensory receptors?
Definition

they detect various types of sensations (touch, temperature, pain, limb position)

 

they translation stimulus into action potential

Term
T/F: tactile receptors are located in the epidermis of the skin
Definition

False:

tactile receptors are located in the dermis of the skin

Term
what is associated with 'quick adaption'?
Definition

this has to do with pacinian corpuscle which we know is a type of tactile receptor

 

pacinian corpuscles are a 'quick adapting' receptors which means that they stop generating action potentials if the pressure is constant

ex: 'sensory adaptation'

Term
T/F: pacinian corpuscle is located in the dermis
Definition

True:

we said that tactile receptors are located in the dermis and pacinian corpuscle is one example of tactile receptors therefore it is located in the dermis

Term
__________ receptors are located in the dermis while _________ receptors are located in the muscles,tendons,and joints
Definition

Tactile receptors = located in dermis

Proprioceptors = located in muscles, tendons, and joints

Term
axons of which receptors synapse in the spinal cord?
Definition
pain receptors and tactile receptors
Term
what is associated with capsaicin?
Definition

pain receptors

capsaicin is a chemical found in hot peppers which is believed to bind to heat/pain receptors in the mouth.  that is why we perceive burning sensation when we eat hot peppers

Term
which receptors are specialized types of free nerve endings?
Definition

Thermoreceptors

and

Pain receptors

Term
T/F: nociceptors = proprioceptors
Definition

False:

nociceptors = pain receptors

Term

mechanoreceptors include _________ and __________

where are they located?

Definition

include tactile receptors and proprioceptors

 

tactile receptors - located in dermis

proprioceptors - located in muscles, tendons, and joints

Term

which receptors are quick adapting?

which receptors are slow adapting?

 

Definition

Tactile receptors = quick adapting

including both pacinian corpuscles & hair receptors

 

Thermoreceptors = somewhat adapting

 

Pain receptors = quick adapting and slow adapting

 

Proprioceptors = slow adapting

Term
muscle spindle receptors are located in _________ and golgi tendon organs are located in _________
Definition

muscle spindle receptors are located in skeletal muscles

golgi tendon organs are located in tendons near junction with muscles

Term
muscle spindle receptors respond to ________ while golgi tendon organ respond to ________
Definition

muscle spindle receptor respond to muscle length

golgi tendon organ respond to overall tension produced by muscle contraction

Term
T/F: center of spinal cord is gray matter
Definition
True
Term
T/F: center of spinal cord is surrounded by gray matter
Definition

False:

surrounded by white matter

 

center of spinal cord is gray matter and is surrounded by white matter

Term
what does gray matter consist of?
Definition
dendrites, cell bodies of motor neurons, glial cells, and interneurons
Term
T/F: synapses occur in the dorsal root ganglion
Definition

False:

synapses occur in gray matter

Term
________ pair of spinal nerves per ________ segment of the spinal cord
Definition
One pair of spinal nerve = one segment of spinal cord
Term
T/F: gray matter contains cell bodies of only motor neurons
Definition
True
Term
T/F: spinal nerves contain cell bodies of both motor and sensory neurons
Definition

False:

spinal nerves contain axons (not cell bodies) of both motor and sensory neurons

Term
what connects spinal cord to spinal nerves?
Definition
Dorsal root and ventral root of spinal cord
Term
T/F: dorsal root carries sensory and motor information to the spinal cord while ventral root carries sensory and motor infomration away from spinal cord
Definition

False:

dorsal root = carries sensory info to spinal cord

ventral root = carries motor into away from spinal cord

Term
Axons from sensory neurons that enter spinal cord enter from ________
Definition
dorsal root
Term

axons from sensory neurons syanpse _____

axons from motor neurons synapse ______

Definition

axons from sensory neurons synapse with spinal cord neurons

axons from motor neurons syanpse in muscles

Supporting users have an ad free experience!