Term
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Definition
| The process of coordinating people and other resources to achieve the goals of an organization |
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Term
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Definition
Establishing organizational goals and deciding how to accomplish them
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Term
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Definition
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A statement of the basic purpose that makes an organization different from others
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Term
| strategic planning process |
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Definition
The establishment of an organizations major goals and objectives and the allocation of resources to achieve them |
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Term
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Definition
An end result that an organization is expected to achieve over a 1-10yr. period of time |
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Term
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Definition
A specific statement detailing what an organization intends to accomplish over a shorter period of time |
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Term
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Definition
| The identification and evaluation of a firm’s strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats |
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Term
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Definition
Approaches and processes that a company performs well that may give it an advantage over its competitors |
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Term
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Definition
An outline of the actions by which an organization intends to accomplish its goals and objectives |
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Term
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Definition
An organizations broadest plan, developed as a guide for major policy setting and decision making |
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Term
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Definition
A smaller scale plan developed to implement a strategy |
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Term
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Definition
A type of plan designed to implement tactical plans |
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Term
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Definition
A plan that outlines alternative courses of action that may be taken if an organization’s other plans are disrupted or become ineffective |
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Term
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Definition
The grouping of resources and activities to accomplish some end result in an efficient and effective manner |
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Term
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Definition
| The process of influencing people to work toward a common goal |
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Term
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Definition
| The process of providing reasons for people to work in the best interests of an organization |
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Term
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Definition
| The combined processes of leading a motivating |
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Term
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Definition
| The process of evaluating and regulating ongoing activities to ensure that goals are achieved |
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Term
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Definition
| An upper level executive who guides and controls the overall fortunes of an organization |
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Term
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Definition
| A manager who implements the strategy and major policies developed by top management |
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Term
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Definition
| A manger who coordinates and supervises the activities of operating employees |
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Term
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Definition
| A manager who is primarily responsible for an organization’s financial resources |
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Term
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Definition
| A manger who manages the systems that convert resources into goods and services |
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Term
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Definition
| A manger who is responsible for facilitating the exchange of products between an organization and its customers or clients |
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Term
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Definition
| A person charged with managing an organization’s human resources programs |
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Term
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Definition
| A manager who is not associated with any specific functional area but who provides overall administrative guidance and leadership |
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Term
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Definition
| The ability to think in abstract terms |
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Term
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Definition
| The ablility to identify problems correctly, generate reasonable alternatives, and select the “best” alternatives to solve problems |
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Term
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Definition
| The ability to deal effectively with other people |
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Term
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Definition
| Specific skills needed to accomplish a specialized activity |
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Term
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Definition
| The ability to speak, listen, and write effectively |
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Term
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Definition
| The ability to influence others |
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Term
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Definition
| Task oriented leadership style in which workers are told what to do and how to accomplish it; workers have no say in the decision-making process |
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Term
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Definition
| Leadership style in which all members of a team are involved in identifying essential gals and developing strategies to reach those goals |
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Term
| entrepreneurial leadership |
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Definition
| Personality-based leadership style in which the manger seeks to inspire workers with a vision of what can be accomplished to benefit all stakeholders |
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Term
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Definition
| The act of choosing one alternative from a set of alternatives |
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Term
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Definition
| The discrepancy between an actual condition and a desired condition |
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Term
| total quality management (TQM) |
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Definition
| The coordination of efforts directed at improving customer satisfaction, increasing employee participation, strengthening supplier partnerships, and facilitating an organizational atmosphere of continuous quality improvement |
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Term
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Definition
| A process used to evaluate the products, processes, or management practices of another organization that is superior in some way in order to improve quality |
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Term
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Definition
| a group of 2+ people working together to achieve a common set of goals |
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Term
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Definition
| a diagram that represents the positions and relationships within an organization |
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Term
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Definition
| the line of authority that extends from the highest to the lowest levels of an organization |
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Term
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Definition
| the separation of all organizational activities into distinct tasks and the assignment of different tasks to different people |
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Term
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Definition
| the systematic shifting of employees from one job to another |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of grouping jobs into manageable units |
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Term
| departmentalization by function |
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Definition
| grouping jobs that relate to the same organizational activity |
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Term
| departmentalization by product |
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Definition
| grouping activities related to a particular product or service |
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Term
| departmentalization by location |
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Definition
| grouping activities according to the defined geographic area in which they are performed |
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Term
| departmentalization by customer |
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Definition
| grouping activities according to the needs of various customer populations |
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Term
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Definition
| assigning part of a manager's work and power to other workers |
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Term
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Definition
| the duty to do a job or perform a task |
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Term
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Definition
| the power, within an organization, to accomplish an assigned job or task |
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Term
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Definition
| the obligation of a worker to accomplish an assigned job or task |
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Term
| decentralized organization |
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Definition
| an organization in which management consciously attempts to spread authority widely in the lower levels of the organization |
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Term
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Definition
| an organization that systematically works to concentrate authority at the upper levels of the organization |
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Term
| span of management (or span of control) |
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Definition
| the number of workers who report directly to one manager |
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Term
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Definition
| the # of layers, or levels, of management in a firm |
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Term
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Definition
| an organizational structure in which the chain of command goes directly from person to person throughout the organization |
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Term
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Definition
| a position in which a person makes decisions and gives orders to subordinates to achieve the organization's goal |
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Term
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Definition
| an organizational structure that utilizes the chain of command from a line structure in combination with the assistance of staff managers |
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Term
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Definition
| a position created to provide support, advice, and expertise within an organization |
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Term
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Definition
| organizational structure that combines vertical and horizontal lines of authority usually by superimposing product departmentalization on a functionally departmentalized organization |
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Term
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Definition
| a team of individuals with varying specialties, expertise, and skills that are brought together to achieve a common task |
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Term
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Definition
| an organizational structure in which administration is the primary function, and most other functions are contracted out to other firms |
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Term
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Definition
| the inner rites, rituals, heroes, and values of a firm |
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Term
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Definition
| a committee created for a specific short-term purpose |
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Term
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Definition
| a relatively permanent committee charged with performing some recurring task |
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Term
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Definition
| a committee established to investigate a major problem or pending decision |
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Term
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Definition
| a group created by the members themselves to accomplish goals that may or may not be relevant to an organization |
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Term
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Definition
| the informal communications network within an organization |
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Term
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Definition
| all activities managers engage in to produce goods and services |
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Term
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Definition
| a manufacturing process that lowers the cost required to produce a large number of identical similar products over a long period of time |
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Term
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Definition
| a process in operations management in which raw materials are broken into different component parts |
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Term
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Definition
| a process in operations management in which raw materials or components are combined to create a finished product |
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Term
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Definition
| the ability of a good or service to satisfy a human need |
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Term
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Definition
| utility created by people converting raw materials, finances, and information into finished products |
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Term
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Definition
| an economy in which more effort is devoted to the production of services than to the production of goods |
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Term
| research and development (R&D) |
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Definition
| a set of activities intended to identify new ideas that have the potential to result in new goods and services |
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Term
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Definition
| the development of a plan for converting an idea into an actual product or service |
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Term
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Definition
| a group of similar products that differ only in relatively minor characteristics |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of creating a set of specifications from which a product can be produced |
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Term
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Definition
| the amount of products or services that an organization can produce in a given time |
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Term
| labor-intensive technology |
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Definition
| a process in which people must do most of the work |
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Term
| capital intensive technology |
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Definition
| a process in which machines and equipment do most of the work |
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Term
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Definition
| the arrangement of machines, equipment, and personnel within a production facility |
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Term
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Definition
| the period during which an operational plan will be in effect |
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Term
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Definition
| all the activities involved in obtaining required materials, supplies, components, and parts from other firms |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of managing inventories in such a way as to minimize inventory costs, including both holding costs and potential stock-out costs |
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Term
| materials requirements planning (MRP) |
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Definition
| a computerized system that integrates production planning and inventory control |
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Term
| just in time inventory system |
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Definition
| a system designed to ensure that materials or supplies arrive at a facility just when they are needed so that storage and holding costs are minimized |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of ensuring that materials and other resources are at the right place at the right time |
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Term
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Definition
| a graphic scheduling device that displays the tasks to be performed on the vertical axis and the time required for each task on the horizontal axis |
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Term
| PERT (Program Evaluation and Review Technique) |
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Definition
| a scheduling technique that identifies the major activities necessary to complete a project and sequences them based on the time required to perform each one |
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Term
| Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award |
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Definition
| an award given by the U.S. president to organizations that apply and are judged to be outstanding in specific managerial tasks that lead to improved quality for both products services |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of ensuring that goods and services are produced in accordance with design specifications |
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Term
| statistical process control (SPC) |
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Definition
| a system that uses sampling to obtain data that are plotted on control charts and graphs to see if the production process is operating as it should and to pinpoint problem areas |
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Term
| statistical quality control (SQC) |
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Definition
| a set of specific statistical techniques used to monitor all aspects of the production process to ensure that both work-in-process and finished products meet the firm's quality standards |
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Term
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Definition
| the examination of the quality of work-in-progress |
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Term
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Definition
| a team of employees who meet on company time to solve problems of product quality |
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Term
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Definition
| a disciplined approach that relies on statistical data and improved methods to eliminate defects for a firm's products and services |
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Term
| International Organization for Standardization (ISO) |
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Definition
| a network of national standards institutes and similar organizations from 161 different countries that is charged with developing standards for quality products and services that are traded throughout the globe |
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Term
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Definition
| the average level of output per worker per hour |
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Term
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Definition
| the total or near-total use of machines to do work |
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Term
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Definition
| the use of programmable machines to perform a variety of tasks by manipulating materials and tools |
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Term
| computer-aideed design (CAD) |
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Definition
| the use of computers to aid in the development of products |
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Term
| computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) |
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Definition
| the use of computers to plan and control manufacturing processes |
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Term
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Definition
| a manufacturing process in which a firm produces the same product(s) over a long period of time |
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Term
| flexible manufacturing system (FMS) |
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Definition
| a single production system that combines electronic machines and computer integrated manufacturing |
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Term
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Definition
| a manufacturing process in which a firm's manufacturing machines and equipment are changed to produce different products |
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Term
| human resources management |
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Definition
| all the activities involved in acquiring, maintaining, and developing an organization's human resources |
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Term
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Definition
| the development of strategies to meet a firm's future human resources needs |
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Term
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Definition
| a list of key personnel and their possible replacements within a firm |
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Term
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Definition
| a computerized data bank containing information on the skills and experience of all present employees |
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Term
| cultural (workplace) diversity |
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Definition
| differences among people in a workforce owing to race, ethnicity, and gender |
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Term
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Definition
| a systematic procedure for studying jobs to determine their various elements and requirements |
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Term
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Definition
| a list of the elements that make up a particular job |
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Term
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Definition
| a list of the qualifications required to perform a particular job |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of attracting qualified job applicants |
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Term
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Definition
| the attempt to attract job applicants from outside an organization |
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Term
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Definition
| considering present employees as applicants for available positions |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of gathering information about applicants for a position and then using that information to choose the most appropriate applicant |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of acquainting new employees with an organization |
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Term
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Definition
| the payment employees receive in return for their labor |
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Term
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Definition
| the policies and strategies that determine employee compensation |
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Term
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Definition
| a collection of data on prevailing wage rates within an industry or a geographic area |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of determining the relative worth of the various jobs within a firm |
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Term
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Definition
| a concept that seeks equal compensation for jobs requiring about the same leel of eduction, training, and skills |
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Term
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Definition
| a specific amount of money paid for each hour of work |
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Term
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Definition
| a specific amount of money paid for an employee's work during a set calender period, regardless of the actual number of hours worked |
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Term
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Definition
| a payment that is a percentage of sales revenue |
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Term
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Definition
| a payment in addition to wages, salary, or commissions |
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Term
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Definition
| an entire pay raise taken in one lump some |
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Term
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Definition
| the distribution of a percentage of a firm's profit among it's employees |
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Term
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Definition
| compensation plan whereby an employee receives a predetermined amount of benefit dollars to spend on a package of benefits he or she has selected to meet individual needs |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of teaching operations and technical employees how to do their present jobs more effectively and efficiently |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of preparing managers and other professionals to assume increased responsibility in both present and future positions |
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Term
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Definition
| the evaluation of employees' current and potential levels of performance to allow managers to make objective human resources decisions |
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Term
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Definition
| the individual internal proccess that energizes, directs, and sustains behavior; the personal "force" that causes you or me to behave in a particular way |
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Term
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Definition
| an employees' feelings about his or her job and superiors and about the firm itself |
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Term
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Definition
| the application of scientific principles to principles to management of work and workers |
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Term
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Definition
| a compensation system under which employees are paid a certain amount for each unit of output they produce |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| maslow's hierarchy of needs |
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Definition
| a sequence of human needs in the order of importance |
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Term
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Definition
| the things we require for survival |
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Term
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Definition
| the things we require for physical and emotional security |
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Term
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Definition
| the human requirements for love and affection and a sense of belonging |
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Term
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Definition
| our need for respect, recognition, and a sense of our own accomplishment and worth |
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Term
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Definition
| the need to grow and develop and to become all that we are capable of being |
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Term
| motivation-hygiene theory |
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Definition
| the idea that satisfaction and dissatisfaction are desperate and distinct dimensions |
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Term
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Definition
| job factors that increase motivation |
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Term
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Definition
| job factors that reduce dissatisfaction when present to an acceptable degree but that do not necessarily result in high levels of motivation |
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Term
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Definition
| assumes that employee dislike work and will function only |
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Term
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Definition
| assumes that employees accept responsibility and work towards organizational goals |
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Term
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Definition
| the belief that some middle ground between type A and type J practices is best for American business |
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Term
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Definition
| a theory of motivation based on the premise that rewarded behavior is likely to repeated |
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Term
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Definition
| people are motivated to obtain and preserve equitable treatment for themselves |
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Term
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Definition
| assumption that motivation depends on how much we want something and on how likely we think we are to get it |
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Term
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Definition
| a employees are motivated to achieve goals that they and their managers establish together |
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Term
| management by objectives(MBO) |
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Definition
| motivation technique in which managers and employees collaborate in setting goals |
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Term
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Definition
| provides employees with more varity and responsibility in their jobs |
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Term
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Definition
| expanding a worker's assignments to include additional but similar tasks |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of job enrichment in which work is restructured to cultivate the worker-job match |
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Term
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Definition
| a systematic program of reinforcement to encourage desirable behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| a system in which employees sat their own work hours within employer-determined limits |
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Term
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Definition
| permanent employment in which individuals work less than a standard work week |
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Term
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Definition
| an arrangement whereby two people share one full-time position |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| making employees more involved in their jobs by increasing their participation |
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Term
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Definition
| a situation in which employees own the company they work for by virtue of being stockholders |
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Term
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Definition
| two or more workers operating as a coordinated unit to accomplish a specific task |
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Term
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Definition
| a team of knowledgeable employees brought together to tackle a specific task |
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Term
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Definition
| a team of exceptionally highly skilled and talented individuals brought together to produce significant change |
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Term
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Definition
| groups of employees with the authority and skill to manage themselves |
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Term
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Definition
| a team with varying skills brought together to achieve a common task |
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Term
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Definition
| a team consisting of members who are geographically dispersed but communicate electronically |
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Term
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Definition
| a temporary work stoppage by employees, calculated to add force to their demands |
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Term
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Definition
| an organization of both skilled and unskilled workers in a single industry |
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Term
| National Labor Relation's Board (NLRB) |
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Definition
| the federal agency that enforces the provisions of the Wagner Act |
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Term
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Definition
| a court order requiring a person or group either to perform some act or to refrain from performing some act |
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Term
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Definition
| the specific group of employees represented by a union |
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Term
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Definition
| the right of a particular union to organize particular groups of workers |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of negotiating a labor contract with management |
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Term
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Definition
| approval of a labor contract by a vote of the union membership |
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Term
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Definition
| the length of time an employee has worked for an organization |
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Term
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Definition
| time worked in excess of 40hrs in one week (under some union contracts, time worked in excess of 8 hrs in a single day) |
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Term
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Definition
| protection against the loss of employment |
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Term
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Definition
| protection of the union's position as the employees' bargaining agent |
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Term
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Definition
| a workplace in which workers must join the union before they are hired; outlawed by the Taft-Hartley Act |
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Term
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Definition
| a workplace in which new employees must join the union after a specified probationary period |
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Term
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Definition
| a workplace in which employees can choose not to join the union but must pay dues to the union anyway |
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Term
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Definition
| a workplace in which an employee who joins the union must remain a union member as long as he/she is employed by the firm |
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Term
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Definition
| a formally established course of action for resolving employee complains against management |
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Term
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Definition
| an employee elected by union members to serve as their representative |
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Term
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Definition
| the step in a grievance procedure in which a neutral 3rd party hears the 2 sides of a dispute and renders a binding decision |
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Term
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Definition
| marching back and forth in front of a place of employment with signs informing the public that a strike is in progress |
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Term
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Definition
| a strike not approved by the striker's union |
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Term
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Definition
| a technique whereby workers report to their jobs but work at a slower pace than normal |
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Term
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Definition
| a refusal to do business with a particular firm |
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Term
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Definition
| a firm's refusal to allow employees to enter the workplace |
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Term
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Definition
| a non-union employee who performs the job of a striking union member |
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Term
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Definition
| the use of a neutral third party to assist management and the union during their negotiation |
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Term
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Definition
| the activity, set of institutions, and processes for creating, communicating, delivering, and exchanging offerings that have value for customers, clients, partners and society at large |
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Term
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Definition
| establishing long-term, mutually satisfying buyer-seller relationships |
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Term
| customer relationship management (CRM) |
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Definition
| using information about customers to create marketing strategies that develop and sustain desirable customer relationships |
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Term
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Definition
| a measure of a customer's worth (sales minus costs) to a business over one's lifetime |
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Term
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Definition
| the ability of a good or service to satisfy a human need |
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Term
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Definition
| utility created by converting production inputs into finished products |
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Term
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Definition
| utility created by making a product available at a location where customers with to purchase it |
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Term
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Definition
| utility created by transferring title (or ownership) of a product to a buyer |
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Term
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Definition
| a business philosophy that a firm should provide goods and services the satisfy customer's needs through a coordinated set of activities that allow the firm to achieve it's objectives |
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Term
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Definition
| a group of individuals or organizations, or both, that need products in a given category and that have the ability, willingness, and authority to purchase such products |
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Term
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Definition
| a plan that will enable an organization to make the best use of its resources and advantages to meet its objectives |
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Term
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Definition
| a combination of product, price, distribution, and promotion developed to satisfy a particular target market |
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Term
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Definition
| a group of individuals or organizations or both for which a firm develops and maintains a marketing mix suitable for the specific needs and preferences of that group |
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Term
| undifferentiated approach |
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Definition
| directing a single marketing mix at the entire market for a particular product |
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Term
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Definition
| a group of individuals or organizations within a market that share one or more common characteristics |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of dividing a market into segments and directing a marketing mix at a particular segment or segments rather than at the total market |
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Term
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Definition
| a written document that specifies an organization's resources, objectives, strategy, and implementation and control efforts to be used n marketing a specific product or product group |
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Term
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Definition
| an estimate of the amount of a product that an organization expects to sell during a certain period of time based on a specified level of marketing effort |
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Term
| marketing information system |
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Definition
| a system for managing marketing information that is gathered continually from internal and external sources |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of systematically gathering, recording, and analyzing data concerning a particular marketing problem |
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Term
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Definition
| the decisions and actions of people involved in buying and using products |
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Term
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Definition
| the purchasing of products for personal or household use, not for business purposes |
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Term
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Definition
| the purchasing of products by producers, resellers, governmental units, and institutions |
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Term
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Definition
| the income an individual receives from all sources less the Social Security taxes the individual must pay |
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Term
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Definition
| a team consisting of members who are geographically dispersed but communicate electronically |
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Term
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Definition
| personal income less all additional personal taxes |
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Term
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Definition
| disposable income less savings and expenditures on food, clothing, and housing |
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