Maslow

Needs divided into 5 categories – physiological, safety and security, social, self-esteem, self actualization.  Cannot go to higher needs with out lower being satisfied. 

Alderfer

Reworked maslow to make three categories – Existence, Relatedness, Growth. A person can be at any level at the same time. People may get frustrated at a level and drop down to a comfort level. 

Herzber

Not all needs motivate. When hygiene factors are taken care of the employee is just ‘not un-satisfied’ when motivator factors are taken care of then the employee is motivated.  Motivation factors – achievement, recognition, advancement, responsibility, growth, challenging work and interesting work. 

Hadman & Oldham

Job Characteristics Model – you need to make the job suit the worker. People are internally motivated when they learn they have personally performed wll on a task they care about.

            5 Core dimensions (VTAFF)

                        Variety

                        Task Identity

                        Task Significance

                        Autonomy

                        Feedback

Vroom

Expectancy Theory – people behave in a way that will give them a reward. Motivation is:

-       expectancy – can I expect the effort means performance

-       instrumentality – will the performance get me a reward

-       valence – will the reward be valuable to me

Skinner

Reinforcement Theory – people will do what they do because of the rewards or punishments. Management has to be able to control those rewards or punishments that will motivate the employee. 

McGregor­

Theory X and Theory Y. Theory X assumes that managers act in a manner that they feel they have to force the employee to comply because of their attitude. When in reality its that managerial force that is making the situation what it is.  Theory Y is using other methods so not to end up doing theory X, but in reality theory Y wouldn’t work too well on the shop floor but would with upper management. 

Blake & Mouton

Managerial Grid – x-axis is concern for production , y-axis is concern for people. You can put all leadership styles on grid. Style of supervision affects motivation. Authoritarian, teamleader, Country club, early retirement and middle of road. 

There are six leadership styles – Coercive, Authoritative, Affiliative, Democratic, Pacesetting, Coaching.