Details Title: BSCI124-EXAM 1 Description: Exam 1 Total Flash Cards: 31 Created: 02/15/2009 13:21:35		New Users: To study from this flashcard set, or to create your own your own study flash cards, REGISTER HERE. Existing Users: CLICK HERE. Additional Plant Sciences Flashcards
Cards in this set: Term The four macromolecules Definition Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acid Term 4 traits shared by all life molecules Definition 1.Carbon based 1.formed from carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and Phosphorus 3.Modular construction (same molecule repeated over and over) 4.Function depends on structure Term Carbohydrates Definition 1.composed of C,H,O Functions: Energy storage (in the C-H bonds, sugars, starch, etc.) For structure in plants (cellulose for cell wall) Carbon sources to make other life’s molecules (nucleic acids, amino acids, etc.) Term Three types of Carbohydrates Definition Monosaccharides- one, Disaccharides- two monos, polysaccharides- many monos Monos - Cn H2n On Ex C2H4O2 Term Lipids (parts and functions) (8) Definition Three main types: 1.Fats (solids) and oils(liquids) 2.Steroids 3.Phospholipids    Lipids Functions: 1.part of the cell membrane 2.as a long term energy storage 3.energy storage of lipids:        a.Monoglyceride - glycerol+ 1 fatty chain        b.Di" "- " " 2nd fatty chain        c.Tri" "- " " 3rd fatty acid chain Term Protein Definition -20 amino acids -composed of C,H,O,S(sulfur),N Function: -building block of the cell -transport: controls what passes through the cell membrane -Enzymes: to speed up chemical reactions Term Nucleic Acid Definition -composed of C,H,O,P,N -is a long chain of nucleotides, which is made up of: 1. sugar 2.phosphate 3.nitrogenous base Three main parts: DNA: carries out info about the entire cell RNA: carries instructions from the DNA for synthesizing proteins ATP: a nucleotide which has the role of energy transfer/exchange Functions: information storage, the ATP is the energy carrier Term Cell Theory Definition 1) Cell is the basic unit of life 2) Organisms are composed of cells 3) Cells arise from other cells Term Prokaryotic cell Definition -lacks organelles -smaller than plant or animal cells -bacteria cell -only has cell membrane(which holds DNA inside) Term Eukaryotic cell Definition -has organelles -plant and animals have this cell Term Organelles Definition specialized structures for carrying out cellular activities: nuclei, mitochondria Term Cell Wall Definition -protects and supports the cell -made of cellulose Middle lamella- glue that sticks two cells together Term lipid bilayer Definition The foundational structure of plasma membranes; it is composed of two layers of phospholipids positioned such that their polar hydrophilic heads face outward and their nonpolar hydrophobic tails are directed inward, blocking entry of water and water-soluble material into the cell. Term Cell Membrane Definition aka plasma membrane   Term Plasmadesmata Definition - connects to cells together allowing them to transprot material from one another. Term cytosol Definition matrix of water, proteins, ions, and organic molecules Term cytoplasm Definition cytosol w/ organelles Term protoplast Definition -everything inside the cell wall(plasma membrane, cytosol, organelles) Term All Plant Organelle (8) Definition 1. Nucleus 2. Mitochondria 3. Chloroplast 4. Vacuole 5. Endoplasmic reticulum 6. Golgi apparatus Cell structures 7.Ribosomes 8.Cytoskeleton Term Nucleus Definition -Contains DNA in chromosomes - Nucleolus - where chromosomes reside Term Chloroplasts and its parts Definition -Contain chlorophyll – the major light-absorbing pigment for photosynthesis -Chlorophyll makes plant green -CO2, H20, and sunlight created sugar for photosynthesis Parts: thylakiods- contain chlorophyll and convert absorbed light into high-energy compounds -stroma- contains the enzymes that use those high-energy compounds to convert CO2 into sugars Term Mitochondria Definition -the powerhouse of the cell -Provides energy for cellular activities by converting the energy of sugars into the energy of ATP (respiration) - turns sugar into CO2 and H20 - consumes oxygen - Respiration - the opposite of photosynthesis Term Parts of the Mitochondria Definition Matrix – enzymes for breaking down sugars Inner membrane – site of ATP synthesis Term Vacuole Definition -stores watery solution of sugars, salts, acids, and proteins - makes cell turgid (its water pressure) - has a membrane called tonoplast Term Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Definition - Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): a network of folded membranes throughout the cytoplasm Smooth ER: used for synthesis and transport of lipids Rough ER : has ribosomes for protein synthesis Term Golgi apparatus Definition Modifies proteins, lipids from the ER. Packages these materials in vesicles to the plasma membrane. “UPS of the cell” Term Ribosomes Definition -the site for protein synthesis -Use information contained in DNA to produce proteins -Translate the RNA sequence into an amino acid sequence -> functional protein Term Cytoskeleton Definition - a network of protein ‘cables’ that provide structural support and transport guidelines in the cell - mitosis (chromosome division) and cell division Term phospholipids Definition the difference between Pl and fatty acids is that PL contains phosphorus;the phosphate makes it love water hydrophilic Term steriods Definition structured different (4 carbon rings and side group); includes sex hormones, cortisone, and cholesterol Term Fats and oils Definition made of Fatty Acids and Glycerol molecules; hates water(hydrophobic)