Term
| A mid saggital cut of the brain goes down what fundamental cranial landmark? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 3 parts of the midbrain and order them from rostral to caudal |
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Definition
1. Midbrain
2. Pons
3. Medulla oblongata |
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Term
| What are the 2 subdivisions of the diencephalon and what is the role of each? |
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Definition
1. Thalmus - processes visual information, auditory information, touch, and keeps the higher areas of the brain adequately stimulated
2. Hypothalmus - regulates autonomic function (the majority of our physiological activities) |
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Term
| What term refers to connections of white matter in the CNS? |
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Definition
Tracts.
(Tracts are called nerves in the PNS) |
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Term
| What are clusters of gray matter called in the CNS? In the PNS? |
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Definition
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Term
| What anatomical part of the brain is the communicating center between the left and right sides? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the fornix and what purpose does it serve? |
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Definition
| White matter below the third ventricle in the brain that communicates information from the limbic system |
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Term
| What is the anterior commissure and where is it located? |
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Definition
| A oval shaped commissure located beneath the fornix. It is useful for orienting yourself in CT scans. |
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Term
| What cranial nerve runs directly next to the longitudinal fissure? |
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Definition
| Olfactory tract and bulb (CN 1) |
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Term
| Where is the optic chiasm located and what nerve connects to it? |
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Definition
The chiasm is located between the longitudinal fissure and the pons, and the optic nerve connects to it
Note: One the ventral side of the brain, colliculi are on the dorsal |
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Term
| Where are the mammalian bodies located? |
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Definition
They are 2 bulbs located between the optic chiasm and the brainstem
Note: On the ventral side of the brain, colliculi are on the dorsal |
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Term
| What is the structure through which the brainstem connects to the cerebellum and how many of them are there? |
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Definition
Peduncles, 3
Superior, middle, inferior |
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Term
| What peduncle(s) are involved in cerebellar input? |
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Definition
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Term
| What peduncle(s) are involved in cerebellar output? |
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Definition
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Term
| Superior colliculi play a role in what type of reflexes? |
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Definition
| Optic (blinking, pupil dilation, etc.) |
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Term
| Inferior colliculi play a role in what type of reflexes? |
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Definition
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Term
| The 4 colliculi and what other structure form the tectum of the brain? What is unique about this other structure? |
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Definition
The pineal gland. It is the only part of the brain without bilateral representation.
Note: It calcifies as you get older. |
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Term
| In what midbrain structure is the 4th ventricle located? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the 4th peduncle called and what part of the brain does it communicate with? |
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Definition
Cerebral peduncle
Cerebrum |
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Term
| What type of information does the ventral horn carry? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of information does the dorsal horn carry? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of information does the gracile tract carry? |
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Definition
| Sensory information (not pain or temperature) from the lower extremities |
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Term
| What type of information does the cuneate tract carry? |
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Definition
| Sensory information (not pain or temperature) from the upper extremities |
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Term
| At what structure in the brainstem do motor fibers cross to the other side of the body, and in what part of the brainstem is it located? |
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Definition
| Pyramidal decussation, in the caudal medulla |
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Term
| What information does the anterolateral system carry? |
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Definition
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Term
| What 2 features can be used to differentiate the rostral from the caudal medulla? |
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Definition
1. Concave opening at the dorsal edge of the rostral medulla where the 4th ventricle would be
2. Inferior olivary nucleus is visible in the rostral medulla |
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Term
| What structures help you identify the midbrain and where are they located? |
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Definition
1. Cerebral aqueduct - hole in the middle of the midbrain in a transverse cut
2. periaqueductal gray - gray area surrounding the cerebral aqueduct
3. slanted white bands called the substantia nigra (damage to these cause Parkinson's) |
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Term
| What is the name, sensory and/or motor, and major function of cranial nerve 1 |
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Definition
1. Olfactory nerve
2. Sensory
3. Smell |
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Term
| What is the name, sensory and/or motor, and major function of cranial nerve 2 |
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Definition
1. Optic
2. Sensory
3. Vision |
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Term
| What is the name, sensory and/or motor, and major function of cranial nerve 3 |
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Definition
1. Oculomotor
2. Motor
3. Eye movements, papillary constriction and accommodation, muscles of the eyelid |
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Term
| What is the name, sensory and/or motor, and major function of cranial nerve 4 |
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Definition
1. Trochlear nerve
2. Motor
3. Eye movements |
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Term
| What is the name, sensory and/or motor, and major function of cranial nerve 5 |
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Definition
1. Trigeminal nerve
2. Sensory and motor
3. Sensation from face, mouth, cornea, motor for muscles of mastication |
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Term
| What is the name, sensory and/or motor, and major function of cranial nerve 6 |
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Definition
1. Abducens nerve
2. Motor
3. Eye movements |
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Term
| What is the name, sensory and/or motor, and major function of cranial nerve 7 |
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Definition
1. Facial nerve
2. Sensory and motor
3. Control muscles of facial expression, taste from anterior tongue, lacrimal and salivary glands |
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Term
| What is the name, sensory and/or motor, and major function of cranial nerve 8 |
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Definition
1. Vestibulocochlear nerve
2. Sensory
3. Hearing and balance |
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Term
| What is the name, sensory and/or motor, and major function of cranial nerve 9 |
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Definition
1. Glossopharyngeal nerve
2. Sensory and motor
3. Sensation from pharynx, taste from posterior tongue, carotid baroreceptors |
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Term
| What is the name, sensory and/or motor, and major function of cranial nerve 10 |
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Definition
1. Vagus nerve
2. Sensory and motor
3. Autonomic functions of the gut, sensation from the pharynx, muscles of vocal cords, swallowing |
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Term
| What is the name, sensory and/or motor, and major function of cranial nerve 11 |
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Definition
1. Spinal accessory nerve
2. Motor
3. Shoulder and neck muscles |
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Term
| What is the name, sensory and/or motor, and major function of cranial nerve 12 |
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Definition
1. Hypoglossal nerve
2. Motor
3. Movements of tongue |
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Term
| What is the only cranial nerve to exit the brainstem dorsally? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which cranial nerves exit the brainstem in the medulla? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which cranial nerves exit the brainstem in the pons? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which cranial nerves exit the brainstem in the midbrain? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which cranial nerves exit the brainstem in the basal forebrain? |
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Definition
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Term
Name the following:
1. 2 major subdivisions of the autonomic nervous system
2. Anatomical structures the ANS controls
3. Type of muscle is controls
4. What brain center most heavily controls the ANS |
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Definition
1. Sympathetic and parasympathetic
2. Heart, glandular elements of viscera, gut
3. Cardiac and smooth
4. Hypothalmus |
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Term
| What are 1st order neurons? |
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Definition
| Neurons located outside the CNS in sensory ganglia |
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Term
| What are 2nd order neurons? |
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Definition
| Neurons located in the dorsal gray matter of the brain stem (ex. cuneate, gracile, anterolateral, spinothalmic) |
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Term
| what are 3rd order neurons? |
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Definition
| Neurons located in the thalmus that convey sensory information to areas of the parietal cortex |
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