Term
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Definition
| Period length depends on lighting conditions |
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Term
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Definition
Secretes ACh which produces cortical desynchrony (wake)
Activated by MPRF during REM sleep produces a wake like EEG
Maintains arousal for formation of explicit memories |
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Term
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Definition
Cortex --> Parahippocampal Cortex and Perirhinal Cortex --> Entorhinal Cortex --> Hippocampus
This all feeds back to cortex (MTL, prefrontal, and basal forebrain) which makes us conscious of memories (explicit) |
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Term
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Definition
Input from entire cortex and substantia nigra
Projects to ventral thalamus and on to premotor cortex (procedural memories)
Very little feedback to cortex (implicit memories) |
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Term
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Definition
| Cortex & Substantia Nigra --> Basal Ganglia --> Ventral Thalamus --> Premotor Cortex (very little feedback to cortex, only to pre-motor = implicit) |
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Term
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Definition
| Gets input from cortex, responsible for visuospatial input, sends this info to entorhinal cortex |
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Definition
| Projects sensory information to primary cortices, projects processed information to association cortex, activity regulated by globus pallidus, can inhibit or make free to produce movement |
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Term
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Definition
| Gets input from cortex, responsible for visual input / recognition, sends this information to entorhinal cortex |
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Term
| Subcorerulear Nucleus & Magnocellular Nucleus of the Medulla |
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Definition
| Activated by the MPRF, projects to and inhibits motor neurons on spinal cord, which leads to REM atonia |
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Term
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Definition
Deprived one plant of light exposure
Evidence, but NOT proof of endogenous clock (would need to be able to desynchronize) |
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Term
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Definition
"Time giver" (ex. light - most potent, such as sunrise and sunset, food, exercize, and social interaction)
These all change the circadian clock |
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Term
| Medial Pontine Reticular Formation (MPRF) |
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Definition
Activated by the prebrachia, involved in REM (lesions elminiate, injections of ACh induce it)
Activates basal forebrain = wake like EEG during REM sleep |
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Term
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Definition
| Observed that rhythms are like the hands of a clock, whereas the underlying clock is like the gears, did studies on activity deprivation |
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Term
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Definition
| Involved primarily with language, Split brain studies show that when an object is presented to the Right visual field (left hem) the subject can name it, but not if it is shown to the Left visual field (right hem) |
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Term
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Definition
Visuospatial processing, Split brain pepole can complete visuospatial tasks mroe easily with left hand (right hem)
Musical abilities |
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Term
| Ventrolateral Preoptic Area |
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Definition
| Secretes GABA, which inhibits activity of wake neurons and induces sleep |
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Term
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Definition
Circadian / Endogenous / Internal Clock
Sits above optic chiasm, input from IPRGCs, has own metabolic activity (even individual cells), takes up chemical proportional to its activity, transplant studies show adoption of the host pattern, lesions lead to arrhythmia |
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Term
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Definition
| Projects to the MPRF, involved in REM (lesions eliminate, stimulations induce) |
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Term
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Definition
| Period 2 gene mutation = sleep advance disorder, Period 3 gene mutation = sleep delay phase disorder |
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Term
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Definition
| Hall - negative emotional content, Hobson - activation synthesis, Revonuso - evolutionary |
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Term
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Definition
Alpha = stage 1, Beta = wake
Delta = stage 3 & 4, K Complexes = low Freq, high Amp, Sleep Spindles = low Amp, high Freq, (K complexes and sleep spindles = stage 2) |
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Term
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Definition
Integrates input from parahippocampal and perirhinal corteices, projects to hippocampus, keeps sensory input alive, has bidirectional input
Feedback to cortex is constant, keeps us conscious (explicit memories) |
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Term
| Dichotic Listening Task results |
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Definition
| Right ear (left hem) remembers #s better, Left hear (right hem) remembers music better |
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Term
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Definition
| Cut in split brain patients, each cortex gets only one half of visual field from opposite eye, Bigger in left handers and ambidexterous individuals |
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Term
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Definition
(Gardner)
Linguistic, Musical, Logical-Mathematical, Spatial, Body-Kinesthetic, Intrapersonal, Interpersonal |
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Term
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Definition
| The ability to think outside the box, come up with many solutions, not tested on regular IQ tests, "problem solving", impaired in people with frontal lobe damage |
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Term
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Definition
| Traditional IQ tests test this, the ability to find the answer to a problem (the "right" answer, narrowed down, etc.) |
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Term
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Definition
Visual memories (encoded spatially),
Damage can impair IQ,
Damage leads to inability to localize an object in space (despite ability to identify and describe it),
Damage to right / top area = spatial impairments,
Damage to left = verbal deficits / apraxia |
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Term
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Definition
Long term storage of verbal memories,
Damage can impair IQ,
Medial temporal region involved in explicit memories (atrophies in Korsakoff's patients),
Damage results in inability to identify and describe an object, but can recall where it is in space |
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Term
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Definition
| Bigger in Einsten, also more glia:neuron ratio, Mathematical abilities |
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Term
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Definition
| Alcoholics, results in Vitamin B1 deficiency, Cell death in medial thalamus and mammillary bodies, Atrophied frontal lobes and medial temporal lobe, Severe memory deficiencies |
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Term
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Definition
| Secretes serotonin which projects to cortex and is active during wake |
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Term
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Definition
| Secretes histamines which project to cortex and are active during wake |
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Term
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Definition
| Secretes norepinepherine which projects to cortex and is active during wake |
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Term
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Definition
| Involved in emotions (ex. fear responses) and coding emotional memories |
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Term
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Definition
Motor accuracy and movement skill
Classically conditioned motor responses (ex. eye blink) |
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Term
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Definition
Passive Process, Restorative Process
Memory Storage, Biological Adaptation (energy, danger, etc.) |
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Term
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Definition
| Can generate new neurons through life |
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Term
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Definition
| Can generate new neurons throughout life, Object position task is hippocampal dependent, Important for encoding and storage, but not where memories are actually stored (damaged in HM, presurgery memories still intact), Spatial memory (posterior hippocampus bigger in London taxi drivers) |
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Term
| Reticular Activating System |
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Definition
| Projects to the thalamus, secretes ACh, leads to cortical desynchrony (wake) |
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Term
| Dorsolateral Hypothalamus |
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Definition
| Secretes hypocretin (orexin) which projects to wake centers (Raphe, LC, Tuberomammillary, Basal Forebrain etc.) and to cortex |
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Term
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Definition
Bilateral temporal lobectomy due to seizures (hippocampus, amygdala, and associated cortical structures), Permanent anterograde amnesia (no new explicit memories), Functional implicit memory
Above average IQ |
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Term
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Definition
| Parkinson's patient, Lack of dopamine to basal ganglia, Normal explicit memory, deficit to implicit (procedural), lost ability to do simple tasks |
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Term
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Definition
| Neglect of info on one side of body when it is presented simultaneously with similar info on other side of body, 2 different objects = notices both, 2 identical objects = extinction, 2 similar objects even in diff orientations = extinction |
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Term
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Definition
| Ignores info on the opposite side of the body from brain lesion, can still perceive, just oblivious, problem with attention |
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Term
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Definition
| Executes movements, Face area larger on the left |
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Term
| Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation |
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Definition
| A technique using magnetic fields to change neural activity in a very localized brain region, Temporary but robust effect |
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Term
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Definition
| Can identify specific anatomical structures, Best spatial resolution, High cost, claustrophobic |
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Term
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Definition
| Neurons that fire when monkey is performing a task AND when observing someone else performing same gesture, activation in left frontal lobe (Broca's Area) |
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Term
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Definition
| Contains pre-frontal / pre-motor / primary motor cortices (mvmt), Atrophies in Korsakoff's, Important in attention, Inolved with short term memories (sensory), Contains mirror neurons (in Broca's area), Association areas involved with explicit memories, Damage = inability to change planning strategies, Damage = inability to remember temporal order / sequences, Damage = loss of divergent thinking (do stupid things) |
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Term
| Interneurons (within the spinal tract) |
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Definition
| Act as bipolar cells within the spinal tract, talk to muscle and antagonistic muscle |
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Term
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Definition
| Found in ventral horn of spinal cord, project to muscles, topographically arranged |
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Term
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Definition
| Regulates typical behaviors of a species, such as eating, drinking, sexual behavior, posture, limb movement, fixed action patterns, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| A topographical representation in motor cortex, in which adjacent body areas are controlled by adjacent brain area and the proportions represent degree of fine detail / control needed for an area |
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Term
| Fritsch & Hitzig / Penfield |
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Definition
| Electrically stimulated animal brains which elicited movements on contralateral side / mapped brain areas with much finer detail, mapped topographical arrangement |
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Term
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Definition
| Plans complex motors behaviors, identifies goals that behaviors should be directed towards |
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Term
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Definition
| Produces complex sequences of movements, selects motor programs appropriate for task, coordinates simultaneous movements |
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Term
| Division of Labor / Parallel Processing |
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Definition
| Many parts cooperate in the regulation of movement, within an area or level, there are further subdivisions |
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Term
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Definition
| At each level you get more complex control of movements, higher levels act by regulating more basic mechanisms at lower levels |
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Term
| Ventral Cerebrospinal Tract (CST) |
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Definition
| Comes from the ipsalateral axon pathways, activates most medial cells |
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Term
| Skilled Movement Hypotheses |
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Definition
| 1. Cortex calculates force, 2. Cortex simply determines direction / destination & specifies final target, other areas look after actual movement (likely both strategies at work, or a combination of them) |
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Term
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Definition
| Basic, innate patterns of movement common to all members of a given species |
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Term
| Corticospinal Tract (CST) |
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Definition
| Pathway between motor cortex and brain & spinal cord, axons originate from pyramidal cells in layer V of primary motor cortex, descend into brain stem, most go contralateral and descend down lateral side, some stay ipsalateral and go down the ventral side |
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Term
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Definition
| Comes from the contralateral axon pathways, activates teh rest of CST aside from most medial cells (actiated by ventral CST) |
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Term
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Definition
| Parkinson's, due to loss of DA cells in substantia nigra, decreased input to caudate putamen, stiffness, hard to initiate movements |
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Term
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Definition
| Huntington's / Tourette's, due to damage to caudate putamen, unwanted choreiform movements, tics, vocalizations etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| Part of basal ganglia, loss of DA in this area leads to decreased input to caudate putamen, leads to hypokinetic disorders |
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Term
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Definition
| Part of basal ganglia, damage to this area leads to hyperkinetic disorders |
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Term
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Definition
| Part of the basal ganglia that regulates thalamic activity, when its activity increases, thalamic activity increases and movement increases adn vice versa, feedback loop |
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Term
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Definition
| Part of ceerebllum important for balance and eye movements |
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Term
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Definition
| Part of cerebellum important for movement skill on the face and midline (trunk) |
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Term
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Definition
| Part of the cerebellum important for regulating cortical areas for mvoement of libs, hands, feed and digits |
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Term
| Dorsal Stream of Visual Input |
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Definition
| Unconscious guidance of movement, projects to secondary somatosensory cortex, then to prefrontal cortex (goal / planning) |
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Term
| Ventral Stream of Visual Input |
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Definition
| Conscious identification of objects to be manipulated, object indentification, integrates secondary somatosensory cortex (completed movements) and then to prefrontal cortex (to decide which actions should follow) |
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Term
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Definition
| Body awareness receptors, encapsulated nerve endings that are sensitive to stretch of muscles and tendons and movement of joints, large and well myelinated, stay ipsilateral until medial lemniscus of brain stem, then cross and project to thalamus, then on to cortex |
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Term
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Definition
| Fine touch receptors, dendrites encased in capsules of tissue or wrapped around hairs, mechanical deformation opens the ion channels to produce an action potential, large and well myelinated, stay ipsliateral until medial lemniscus in brain stem and then cross (contralateral) and project to thalamus, then cortex |
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Term
| Dorsal Horn of Spinal Cord |
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Definition
| Axons enter CNS through here |
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Term
| Dorsal Root of Spinal Cord |
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Definition
| Sensory neurons enter through here to get to the CNS |
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Term
| Slowly Adapting Receptors |
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Definition
| Receptors that respond while an event is still occurring |
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Term
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Definition
| Receptors that respond to the beginning and end of a stimulus with brief bursts of firing |
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Term
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Definition
| Poke person with 2 points to determine the size of the receptive field (when it feels like 2 pokes instead of just 1), the receptive fields on the fingers / hands are smaller than the stomach or back |
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Term
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Definition
| Hairless skin, such as hands, lips, and tongue, more sensitive, need more receptors for fine discrimination, receptive fields on fingers are much smaller than back or stomach |
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Term
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Definition
| Pain receptors, detected by free nerve endings, damage or irritation leads to peptide release and action potentials in free nerve endings, small and poorly myelinated, ascend contralateral side of spinal cord (cross at spinal cord) to brain stem |
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Term
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Definition
| Contact cells on both sides of spinal cord to mediate reflexes |
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Term
| Gate Control Theory of Pain |
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Definition
| Haptic and proprioceptic pathways can inhibit activity of nocioceptic pathway, ex. rubbing body part to decrease pain |
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Term
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Definition
| Internal organs' sensory receptors synapse on spinal neurons that receive nocioceptive information from the body's surface and the brain can't tell where it's coming from (heart = left arm, stomach = trunk, kidneys = lower back) |
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Term
| Primary Somatosensory Cortex |
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Definition
| Post central gyrus and Brodmann's areas 3-2-1, adjacent to motor cortex, begins processing of sensory input |
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Term
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Definition
| Muscle representation in primary somatosensory cortex |
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Term
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Definition
| Slow skin receptor representation in primary somatosensory cortex |
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Term
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Definition
| Fast skin receptor representation in primary somatosensory cortex, also gets input from 3a and 3b |
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Term
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Definition
| Joints and pressure representaton in primary somatosensory cortex, also gets input from 3a, 3b, and 1, has the biggest receptive field (hierarchically arranged) |
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Term
| Secondary Somatosensory Cortex |
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Definition
| Parietal lobe just behind primary somatosensory cortex, receives sensory information from primary somatosensory, confirms which movements have occurred, decides which it should follow, damage = movements that are fragmented and confused (apraxia) |
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