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Botany (Plant Form)
Test #3
69
Biology
Undergraduate 1
10/26/2011

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Term
Meristems
Definition
Made up of cells with dense cytoplasm and large nuclei. Only vegetative cells that routinely divide.
Term
Apical meristems
Definition
Where cells divide and elongate in to elongate roots and shoots in dicots.
Located at tip of stems and roots
Term
lateral meristems
Definition
Increase girth (secondary growth) in woody dicots and gymnosperms.
Term
Primary tissues
Definition
Tissues that result from primary growth
Term
Basal or Intercalary Meristems
Definition
Located at bases of leaves or sections of stems (mostly in monocots).
Term
Three types of primary tissues (immature)
Definition
Protoderm, procambium, ground meristem
Term
Cork Cambium
Definition
Produces cork cells; layers in bark
Term
Vascular Cambium
Definition
Produces secondary vascular tissue (secondary xylem and phloem)
Term
root systems
Definition
anchors plant and absorbs water and ions
Term
Shoot systems
Definition
stems-support leaves
leaves-photosynthesis
vegetative shoot-internode, node, leaf, and axillary buds
Term
Ground tissue
Definition
parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma cells
Term
dermal tissue
Definition
outer covering-epidermal cells
epidermis in herbaceous plants and leaves
bark in stems of woody plants
Term
Vascular Tissue
Definition
conduction
xylem-water and dissolved minerals up
Phloem-carbohydrates from source to sink
Term
Primary growth
Definition
results from cell division at apical or intercalary meristems
Term
Secondary growth
Definition
results from cell division at lateral meristem; pushes primary tissues apart.
Term
guard cells
Definition
Bean-shaped cells flanking stomata (pores)
open and close stomata
Term
trichomes
Definition
hairlike outgrowths
regulate microclimate
Term
root hairs
Definition
tubular extensions of epidermal cells
increase root's surface area
Term
parenchyma cells
Definition
store food and water
Term
collenchyma
Definition
provide support for growing plant organs
Term
sclerenchyma
Definition
provide support for mature plant organs
secondary walls impregnated with lignin
Term
xylem
Definition
principle water and mineral conducting tissue
combination of vessels and tracheids
Term
primary xylem
Definition
derived from procambium
Term
secondary xylem
Definition
formed from vascular cambium
wood is accumulated secondary xylem
Term
Phloem
Definition
principle food conducting tissue, located toward the outer part of roots and stems
Term
sieve cells and sieve-tube members
Definition
carry out conduction of food
some sieve areas have large pores called sieve plates
sieve-tube member is associated with companion cell
Term
root cap
Definition
composed of inner columella cells and lateral root cap cells
new root cap produced when existing cap is removed
functions in gravity perception
Term
zone of cell division
Definition
Most cell division occurs at the edges of the concave dome (immature tissue types: procambium, protoderm, ground tissue)
Term
zone of elongation
Definition
roots lengthen because cells produces by primary meristems grow longer than wide.
Term
Zone of maturation
Definition
cells differentiate into mature tissue types (dermal, vascular, ground
epidermal cells mature, each with root hair
cortex produced by parenchyma cells
inner boundary differentiates into endodermis surrounded by Casparian strips composed of suberin
Term
stele
Definition
All tissues inside the endodermis.
Term
pericycle
Definition
parenchyma cells just inside the endodermis
Term
pith
Definition
area inside of ring of vascular bundle in monocots
Term
taproot
Definition
single large root with smaller branch roots
Term
fibrous roots
Definition
many roots of smaller diameter
Term
adventitious growth
Definition
any unusual growth on a stem
Term
prop root
Definition
growth from stem out sideways (propped up)
Term
aerial roots
Definition
hang and absorb nutrients from air
Term
pneumatophores
Definition
roots come from ground out into the air
Term
parasitic roots
Definition
tap into phloem and xylem of trees ad other plants
Term
food storage roots
Definition
modified to store sugars/starches (carrots)
Term
primordia
Definition
bud produced by shoot apical meristem that develops into leaves, other shoots, or flowers. (axillary buds)
Term
node
Definition
where leaves attach
Term
internode
Definition
space between nodes
elongation cell division occurs here
Term
Parts of a leaf
Definition
blade-flattened portion
petiole-stalk
-sessile:no petiole
-axil: space between petiole and stem
stipules-appendiges at base of leaf (stipule scars)
Term
What tissue does the protoderm produce?
Definition
epidermis
Term
What tissue does ground meristem produce?
Definition
ground tissue
Term
What tissues doe procambium produce?
Definition
xylem and phloem
Term
Where does vascular cambium develop in woody plants?
Definition
between primary xylem and phloem
Term
Where does cork cambium develop in woody plants?
Definition
in outer cortex
Term
What does vascular cambium produce?
Definition
Secondary xylem (inside; wood in trees) and secondary phloem (outside)
Term
What does cork cambium produce?
Definition

-cork cells with suberin (outer bark)

-unsuberized cells (lenticels) permitting gas exchange

-Parenchyma (fill space)

Term
Bulbs
Definition

Fleshy leaves, knoblike stem

ex: onion

Term
Rhizomes
Definition

photosynthetic leaf

scalelike leaf at each node

rhizome

Term
Runners
Definition

"runner" roots

ex: strawberry

Term
Tubers
Definition

nodes (axillary buds adjacent to leaf scars)

stolon (root)

tuber-swollen tip of stolon (potato)

Term
Tendrils
Definition

"tendril" roots

ex: grape

Term
cladophyll
Definition
leaves are modified as spines
Term
microphylls
Definition
have one vein that does not leave a gap when it branches from the vascular cylinder of the stem
Term
megaphylls
Definition
have several veins that leave a gap when they branch from the vascular cylinder of the stem
Term
simple leaf
Definition
undivided blade
Term
compound leaf
Definition
leaf divided into leaflets
Term
pinnately compound
Definition
leaflets arranged along common axis
Term
palmately compound
Definition
leaflets radiate out from common point
Term
Leaf arrangements
Definition

alternate-one leaf per node

opposite-two leaves per node

whorled-several leaves per node

Term
epidermis
Definition

waxy cuticle that may or may not have trichomes

lower epidermis contains stomata

Term
mesophyll
Definition
tissue between lower and upper epidermis
Term
palisade mesophyll
Definition
only in dicots, rows of parenchyma cells; where most light is absorbed
Term
spongy mesophyll
Definition

between palisade and lower epidermis

where gas exchange takes place through stomata

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