Term
| What are the three basic plant organs |
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Definition
1. Roots
2. Stems
3. Leaves |
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Term
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Definition
-An organ that anchors the vascular plant
-Absorbs minerals and water
-Often stores organic nutrients
-Many plants have modified roots, like adventitious(roots arise above ground from stems and even leaves)
-Taproots: gymnosperms and eudicots
-Fibrous Root: Seedless vascular and monocots |
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Term
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Definition
-Shoot System
-Nodes: point of leaf attachment
-Internodes: Segments between nodes
-Axillary buds: form new shoots or branches
-Terminal buds: can lead to apical dominance |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| -Blade and petiole
-Monocots don't have petioles though
-Leaf types: 1. Simple leaf, 2. Compound leaf, 3. Double compound leaf[image] |
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Term
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Definition
-Parenchyma: photosynthesis, storage and/or secretion
-Collenchyma: Support of young growing parts
-Sclerenchyma: Support of mature plant parts; fiber cells
-Xylem:
-Phloem:
-Epidermis: |
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Term
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Definition
| - Ground system; Parenchyma tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| -Vascular system; Xylem and Phloem tissues |
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Term
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Definition
1. Parenchyma and transfer cells
2. Collenchyma Cells
3. Sclerenchyma, fibers and sclereids |
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Term
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Definition
1. Xylem, tracheids or vessle members, some parenchma cells, fibers and sclereids
2. Phloem, sieve cells or sieve-tube members, specialized parenchyma cells(companion cells), Fibers and Sclereids |
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Term
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Definition
| Internal to Vascular; part of ground tissue |
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Term
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Definition
1. Guard Cells
2. Trichomes: appendages; facilitate absorption or reduce solar radiation; some secrete salts in halophytes
3. Cuticle: cutin and wax; minimize water loss |
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Term
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Definition
-Alive at maturity
-No secondary walls
-Site of most plant metabolism
-Play a role in wound healing and regeneration |
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Term
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Definition
-Living at maturity
-No secondary cell walls or lignin
-Provide flexible support to growing parts of plant |
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Term
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Definition
-Thick secondary walls, usually with lignin
-Usually dead at maturity
-Usually specialized for support and strengethening
-Have Sclereids(impart hardness to seed coats and shells of nuts; pear grit)
-Have Fibers(long slender tapered; flax and hemp) |
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Term
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Definition
-Dead at maturity
-Tracheids found in all vascular plants because safer due to less specialization(long and thin with tapered ends; lignin for structural support)
-Vessel elements found mainly in angiosperms, but have perforations creates an open system, so less safe(wider, shorter and less tapered; Perforations for more efficient water flow) |
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Term
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Definition
-Primary phloem is often destroyed during elongation of the organ
-Principal conducting cells are the sieve elements("with pores") |
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Term
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Definition
-Alive at maturity, but lack nucleus, ribosomes, organelles
-Served by nucleus of adjacent companion cells, which are connected via plasmodesmata |
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Term
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Definition
-In general meristem is a region of perpetual cell division that allows the plant to grow rapidly
-Apical: lenghtens the plant(primary growth); Found in the buds or roots
-Lateral: thickens the plant with bark and wood(secondary growth); Found in stem |
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Term
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Definition
| 1. Zone of cell division
2. Zone of elongation
3. Zone of maturation
[image] |
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Term
| The three primary meristems |
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Definition
1. Protoderm
2. Ground meristem
3. Procambium |
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Term
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Definition
| eudicot: Small pericycle around concentrated vascular tissue
monocot: Large pericycle
[image][image] |
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Term
| Where do the lateral roots arise from? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The small leaves covering the apical meristem
[image] |
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Term
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Definition
| -Monocot: Vascular tissue arranged in bundles; ground tissue in center; Bundles spread throughout
-Eudicot: Vascular tissue in bundles making a wide circle; ground tissue in center[image][image] |
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Term
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Definition
-the interior lateral meristem; produces secondary xylem (to the interior) and phloem (to the exterior)
-Ray initials make cells elongated horizontally; transfer water and nutrients, store starch |
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Term
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Definition
-The exterior lateral meristem; produces cork cells to the exterior
-Forms from cortex to fill in gaps as epidermis is tretched and broken by lateral expansion of stem
-Rays maintain connectivity betwen secondary xylem and secondary phloem, allow exchange of nutrients nadwater, store starch and organic nutrients |
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Term
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Definition
| -Secondary xylem; everything on the interior side of the vascular cambium |
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Term
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Definition
-everything exterior of the vascular cambium, including the secondary phloem and the periderm(cork cambium and cork)
-Living phloem and Periderm
-Heartwood: dead inner woord
-Sapwood: alive outer wood |
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Term
| What makes up a plant's mass? |
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Definition
1. Water(most of the living plant)
2. Carbon(most of the dry weight)
-Mass from air and water not inorganic nutrients and ions |
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Term
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Definition
-Net movement down a concentration gradient due to the random motion of individual molecules
-Short-distance flow of fluids in plants; cell to cell at the level of tissues and organs |
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Term
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Definition
-Movement of water and solutes together due to a pressure gradient
-Long distance transport within xylem and phloem at the level of the whole plant
-Movement driven by pressure |
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Term
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Definition
-Movement of water in or out; Transport of water and solutes by individual cells such as root hairs
-Determines the net water uptake or loss by a cell
-Affected by solute concentration and pressure |
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Term
| Selective Permeability of Membranes |
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Definition
-Plasma membrane
-Controls the movement of solutes into and out of the cell |
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Term
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Definition
-Creates a hydrogen ion gradient that is a form of potential energy that can be harnessed to do work
-Contributes to a voltage known as a membrance potential
-Plants cells use energy stored in the proton gradient and membrane potential to drive the transport of many different solutes |
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Term
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Definition
-A transport protein couples the passage of one solute to the passage of another
-"coat-tail"effect
-Responsible for uptake of sucrose by plant cells |
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Term
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Definition
-Measurement that combines the effects of solute concentration and pressure
-Determines the direction of water movement
-Water moves from areas of higher potential to lower potential
-Pressure potential created by positive and negative physical pressure on water
-Solute potential created by a higher solute/lower water concentration |
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Term
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Definition
| Transport proteins that facilitate water movement across membrances |
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Term
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Definition
-Major compartment in most mature plant cells
-Large organelle that can occupy 90% of the protoplast's volume |
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Term
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Definition
-In most plant tissues the cell walls and cytosol are continuous from cell to cell
-Called the Symplast
-The continuum of cytosol connected by plasmodesmata |
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Term
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Definition
-The continuum of cell walls plus extracellular space
-symplast+extracellular space |
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Term
| Routes for Water and Minerals |
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Definition
-Transmembrane route: Out of one cell, across a cell wall, and into another cell
-Via the Symplast
-Along the Apoplast |
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Term
| Why use bulk flow in long distance transport? |
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Definition
-Movement of fluid in the xylem and phloem is driven by pressure differences at opposite ends of the xylem vessles and sieve tubes
-Diffusion does not work well over long distances
-Transpiration/negative pressure drives xylem flow
-Hydrostatic pressure in one end of teh sieve tube forces sap in phloem |
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Term
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Definition
-Facilitates the absorprtion of water and minerals from the soil
-Roots and fungi form symbiotic structures consisting of plant roots united with fungal hyphae |
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Term
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Definition
-Blocks the apoplastic pathway into the stele
-Waxy;Part of the endodermal wall
-Blocks apoplastic transfer of minerals from the cortex to the vascular cylinder |
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Term
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Definition
-Extensive surface area
-Membrances enhance uptake of water and selected minerals |
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Term
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Definition
-Selective sentry
-The innermost layer of cells in the root cortex
-Surrounds the vascular cylinder and functions as the last checkpoint for the selective passage of minerals from the cortex into the vascular tissue
-All material must pass via the symplast |
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Term
| Transpirational Pull on Xylem Sap |
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Definition
-Transmitted from leaves to roots and even soil
-Facilitated by cohesion of water molecules to one another and adhesion of the hydrophilic vessel walls
-Small diameter of vessels and tracheids increase adhesive surface |
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Term
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Definition
-Translocated: organic nutrients/sugars dispersal through the phloem
-The specialized cells involved in this process are either Sieve Tube Members(In angiosperms; with companion cells) or Sieve Cells(In Gymnosperms; with albuminous cells)
-Phloem loading requires active transport(need proton pump) |
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Term
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Definition
-Aqueous sucrose solution
-Travels from a sugar source to a sugar sink
-Also carries minerals, amino acids, and hormones
-Must be loaded into sieve-tube members before being exposed to sinks
-Many plants move by symplastic ad apoplastic pathways |
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