1. 1. Arrangement of leaves on a branch
   2. 3 options:
      1. Opposite
      2. Alternate
      3. Whorled (3 or more leaves arising from the same site)

Epidermis

1. (upper/lower)
2. Function: protection from water loss and microbes/insects
1. Secrete cutin to form waxy cuticle
2. Produce tiny hairs
3. Function: gas exchange
1. Stomate opening surrounded
Bullate cells: loss of water causes leaf blade to roll/curl up

1. 1. Dicot has 2 different kinds of mesophyll
      1. Palisade
      2. Spongy
   2. Monocot only has 1 kind of mesophyll tissue

Movement because of interaction with the sun

Movement because of the sun - "beside" - actually goes into the sun so that the plant doesn't gain as much sunlight

"Across" - lies perpendicular to the sun so that it can gain more sunlight

1. 1. Epidermis
   2. Hypodermis
      1. Thick-walled cells: support/protection
   3. Sunken stomatal pore (the guard cells of the stomata are sunken down) - protection against water loss
   4. Mesophyll
      1. Rosette-shaped cells
      2. Closely-packed cells
   5. Resin canal
      1. In mesophyll (can be in other tissues)
      2. Repels insects
      3. Antiseptic against fungal infecitons
   6. Endodermis
      1. One layer
      2. Some filtering
   7. Vascular bundle
      1. 1-2 bundles per needle
      2. Xylem
         1. Larger cells
      3. Phloem
         1. Smaller cells

1. 1. Epidermis
      1. With thick waxy cuticle
      2. Sunken stomata
   2. Mesophyll
      1. No air spaces - result:  cold air can't damage internal cells

Waxy cuticle
Stomata
Dia and paraheliotropism

Specialized leaves - sharp ones

1. 1. Spines - modified leaf
   2. Thorns - modified stem
   3. Prickles - projection of epidermis a/or cortex

2. Often nitrogen-poor soil
   1. Venus fly trap
      1. Has hairs that trigger when senses movement of living organism
      2. Has teeth that trap them in even if they are able to move after being snapped down on
   2. Pitcher plants
      1. Hairs on inside of flower that points downward
      2. Waxy inside that coats the insect's feet with wax and it eventually can't climb out
      3. Largest organism caught inside a pitcher plant is a rat
   3. Sundews
~

Bladderworts

1. 1. Ensure that plants "flower" at the correct time
   2. Leaves can detect day length
      1. Leaves → FT gene → mRNA → tip of stem (protein combines with another protein) meristem tissue → flower

1. 1. One peduncle but multiple flowers
   2. Ex. dichasium (rep. Olive family)
   3. Ex. catkin

Contains the pollen
Male gametophyte

Sepals
1. Petals
2. Stamens (anther + 1 filament = 1 stamen)
3. Pistil
1. Stigma
2. Style
3. Ovary with ovules (immature seeds)

Pollination
1. Transfer of poller from anther → stigma
1. Fertilization
1. Joining of male gametophyte w/ female gametophyte (sperm w/ ovule)
2. Pollen will produce a tube:
   1. Tube will have 2 sperm nuclei and tube cells nucleus that is forming the tube

Ovary Positions
1. Superio (Ex. peas, peach)
2. Half-inferior (Ex. cherry)
3. Inferior - advanced (Ex. orchid, cactus, apple)
1. Ovary-internal structure
1. Simple vs. compound