Term
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Definition
-associated w/shape of plant cell
-structure of plant organs
-plant ecology |
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Term
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Definition
-water movement
-gas exchange w/environment
-leaf anatomy
-primary reason for water loss
-req: water, carbon dioxide, and light (energy) |
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Term
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Definition
| -plant growth regulators: "plant hormones" |
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Term
| Importance of Water for Plants |
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Definition
-req for photosynthetic rxns
-in non woody plants, parenchyma cells may be turgid to provide support to plant
-prevents over heating
-important for Carbon Dioxide uptake |
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Term
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Definition
-universal solvent
-polar molecule
-high specific heat: takes a lot of energy to increase temp of Water |
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Term
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Definition
-Cohesive: water sticks to itself (water)
-Adhesive: water sticks to other molecules or surfaces |
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Term
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Definition
| -from a high concentration to a low concentration |
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Term
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Definition
-in plants, water can move between cells
-across selectively permeable membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| -pores connecting plants cells that allow osmosis to take place |
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Term
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Definition
-describes free energy of water (potential energy)
-ability of water to move across membrane |
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Term
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Definition
-very full of water
-positive hydrostatic pressure |
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Term
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Definition
-not full to capacity
-pressure potential = 0 |
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Term
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Definition
-negative hydrostatic pressure
-pulling on inside of cell wall
-pressure potential is negative |
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Term
| Animal Water Uptake and Use |
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Definition
-filter and recirculate water
-can move easily from point A to point B |
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Term
| Plant Water Uptake and Use |
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Definition
-filter water as it enters roots
-doesn't recirculate lg amts of water
-fixed to the soil
-take up very lg amts of water everyday
-99% water absorbed is released/unused to environment
-1 NC tree can release 200-400 L of water each day as water vapor |
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Term
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Definition
-90% water lost by plant comes through, while 10% evaporates through the cuticle
-carbon dioxide enters through them, and must dissolve before entering the cells
-sun provides light and heat
-water evaporates from inside leaf, and the film of water around the spongy mesophyll cells get sm.er
-pull of water from spongy mesophyll to xylem of leaf, pulls on water in stem, pulls on water in roots, pulls on water in soil |
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Term
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Definition
-as carbon dioxide enters the cell, water leaves the leaf
-heat from sun causes evaporation of water inside
-water vapor exits through stomatal pores and cuticle
-loss of water generates a "pull" all the way back to roots
-guard cells can close stomatal pore to prevent excessive transpiration |
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Term
| Environmental Factors Influence Transpiration |
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Definition
-temp: stomates close at 30-35 degrees C
-humidity: very dry atmosphere, very windy, and water will diffuse out of leaf faster when it's lower outside |
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Term
| Structural Leaf Modifications to Prevent Transpiration |
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Definition
-plants adapted to dry and exposed environments
-sm.er leaves produced = sm.er transpirational surface
-lighter colored leaves (gray/silver) help reflect sunlight |
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Term
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Definition
-water must be pure
-no dissolved air (air bubbles): both filtered from water by endodermis of root
-embolisms can occur during drought (not fatal) |
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Term
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Definition
| -breaking of water column |
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Term
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Definition
| -air bubble in xylem (water block) |
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Term
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Definition
| -water absorbed at root tip, primarily in region of root hairs |
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Term
| Symplastic and Apoplastic Water Movement |
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Definition
-Symplastic: through cytoplasm of neighboring cells
-Apoplastic: through cell walls |
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Term
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Definition
| -ring of cells surrounding vascular tissue of root |
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Term
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Definition
| -strip of wax around each endodermal cell |
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Term
| Water Movement in Absence of Transpiration |
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Definition
-at night, solutes are secreted into cells of xylem
-decreases water potential
-water may move from soil into root xylem
-root pressure pushes embolisms out of xylem |
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Term
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Definition
| -water forced up stem in leaves during absence of transpiration |
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Term
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Definition
| -specialized stomates at edge of leaf |
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Term
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Definition
| -water forced from hydathodes |
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Term
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Definition
| -water condensed on leaves from the atmosphere |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-source to sink transport
-moves in many directions |
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Term
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Definition
-any structure that produces/stores glucose/sucrose
-leaves or storage organs
-region where sucrose is stored or produced |
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Term
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Definition
-any organs used for storage or to build new cells
-storage organs or meristems
-region where sucrose is used or stored |
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Term
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Definition
-10-25% dry matter dissolved in water
-90% of dry matter is sucrose |
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Term
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Definition
-primary transport sugar in plants
-disaccharide of glucose and fructose
-solute |
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Term
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Definition
-transported from source to sink
-1.) Phloem Loading: sugars added to cells at the source
-2.) water will move from cells to xylem to sieve tube element
-3.) water pushed out of one sieve tube element to another through pores in a sieve plate
-4.) water's pushed to the sink
-5.) if water potential of phloem is now higher than water potential of xylem at the sink, water will flow back into cells of the xylem and back up the plant in transpiration stream |
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Term
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Definition
-400-700 nm visible light
-req for photosynthesis
-helps direct phototropism: growth in relation to light
-helps control flowering |
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Term
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Definition
-molecules capable of absorbing light energy
-reflect light energy
-when excited by a wavelength of light: energy can be converted to light or heat, resonance energy transfer pass energy to another molecule, and boosts electrons to higher energy level |
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Term
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Definition
| -primary photosynthetic pigment in plants |
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Term
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Definition
-found in all photosynthetic organisms (plants, algae, cyanobacteria)
-hydrophobic hydrocarbon tail embeds chlorophyll in phospholipid bilayer of internal membranes of chloroplast |
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Term
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Definition
-similar structure as Chlorophyll A (plants, green algae, euglenoid algae)
-sm and different in Mg-ring compared to A
-absorbs light of different wavelengths than A
-all energy absorbed is donated/passed to A |
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Term
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Definition
-not present in plants, but present in some algae
-important in algal classifications |
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Term
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Definition
-red, orange, yellow pigments
-found in all plants, in all chloroplasts (in some cyanobacteria)
-2 groups: carotenes and xanthophylls |
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Term
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Definition
-orange and red pigments
-color usually masked by chlorophyll
-breaks down in fall (colors evident)
-protect chlorophyll by diffusing excess light energy absorbed
-Beta Carotenes: found in all plants, and is a metabolic precursor to Vitamin A |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-pigments found in cyanobacteria and red algae (rhydophyta)
-not in plants |
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Term
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Definition
| -homogenous matrix that surrounds a complex internal membrane system |
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Term
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Definition
-disk like membrane sac
-embedded are photosynthetic pigments: Chlorophyll A and B, carotenoids, and proteins that make up electron-transport chain
-pigments are arranged in Antenna Complexes |
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Term
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Definition
| -one stack of thylakoid membranes |
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Term
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Definition
| -membrane extensions that connect grana |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| -groups of pigments that surround a rxn center that's composed of 2 molecules of Chlorophyll A |
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Term
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Definition
-Antenna Complex (400 pigment molecules) + Rxn Center
-Photosystem I: optimal light absorbance of 700 nm
-Photosystem II: optimal light absorbance of 680 nm |
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Term
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Definition
-light energy sent from Antenna Complex
-electron in rxn center boosted to a higher energy level, and electron's sent to a nearby protein |
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Term
| Importance of Water in Photosynthesis |
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Definition
-water transported to leaves from soil via transpiration
-90% of water lost
-sm portion of water taken up is used
-electrons in water are released and used to replace those lost in the RC |
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Term
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Definition
-only occur in chloroplasts
-increases concentration of Hydrogen ions inside thylakoid |
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Term
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Definition
-occurs 1st in light rxns
-electrons released and sent to electron acceptor protein
-photolysis occurs |
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Term
| Electron Transport Chain (ETC) |
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Definition
-series of proteins in thylakoid membrane
-energy of electron movement is used to pump Hydrogen ions into thylakoid space |
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Term
| Flow of Electrons in Light Rxns of Photosynthesis |
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Definition
-high concentration of Hydrogen ions accumulated in thylakoid space
-Water to P.S. II to ETC to P.S. I to NADPH |
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Term
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Definition
-allows Hydrogen ions to flow across concentration gradient
-every time one Hydrogen ion passes through, one ADP is phosphorylated to ATP |
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Term
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Definition
-ATP and NADPH produced
-ATP and NADPH provide energy for dark rxns |
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Term
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Definition
-occur in stroma
-a.k.a. Calvin Cycle, Calvin-Benson Cycle, Light-Independent Reactions, and C3 Cycle |
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Term
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Definition
-circular process
-end w/same molecule you begin w/ |
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Term
| Ribulose 1-5 Bisphosphate (RuBP) |
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Definition
-a 5 Carbon molecule
-C3 Cycle's starting and ending molecule |
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Term
| Ribulose 1-5 Bisphosphate Oxygenase/Carboxylase |
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Definition
-an enzyme also known as Rubisco
-adds Carbon Dioxide or Oxygen to RuBP
-is considered to be the most abundant enzyme on the planet
-it "prefers" to fix Carbon Dioxide to RuBP, but if Carbon Dioxide concentration is lower than Oxygen concentration, it will then add Oxygen to RuBP
-occurs under water stress, when stomates are closed |
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Term
| Carbon Dioxide Entry into Plant and Cells |
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Definition
-Carbon Dioxide in atmosphere enters leaf via stomatal pores and in gas around cells of spongy mesophyll, then Carbon Dioxide enters film of water around spongy mesophyll cells, and sent to the chloroplast
-Rubisco will fix Carbon Dioxide to RuBP to form 6-C molecule that immediately breaks down into 2 3-C molecules |
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Term
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Definition
-3-C molecule
-energy from ATP used to rearrange atoms in molecule to form Glyceraldehyde 3-Phosphate |
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Term
| Glyceraldehyde 3-Phosphate |
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Definition
-3-C molecule
-exported from chloroplast and used to make 1/2 of glucose |
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Term
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Definition
-happens under: low Carbon Dioxide conditions, water stress, dry and hot, drought, not humid enough, and when stomata's closed
-stomata closed to prevent water loss, prevents Carbon Dioxide uptake, and Rubisco responsible for fixing Carbon Dioxide
-can lead to death
-desert plants and grasslands
-can be avoided w/modifications to C3 Cycle
-Phosphoglycolyate to ATP consumed and Carbon Dioxide released to 3-Phosphoglycerate to C3 Cycle |
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Term
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Definition
-plant hormones a.k.a. plant growth regulator
-fxn of hormones: direct growth, avoid stress, reproduction, open and close stomates, and programmed death
-animals: hormone produced in one specific organ/gland and sent somewhere else to cause a chemical event
-plants: may be synthesized over entire plant body and not just one area, can be used/synthesized/transported, and one growth regulator can cause many different rxns |
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Term
| C4 Pathway/Photosynthesis |
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Definition
-normal light rxns and modified dark rxns
-1.) Carbon Dioxide enters leaf through stomatal pores and enters mesophyll cell
-2.) PEP Carboxylase enzyme fixes Carbon Dioxide to PEP in cytosol and forms 4-C molecule oxaloacetate
-3.) Oxaloacetate's sent to chloroplast where it's converted to malate
-4.) Malate sent to bundle sheath cell, broken down into Carbon Dioxide and pyruvate, then Carbon Dioxide enters C3 Cycle and pyruvate converts to PEP (cycle starts again) |
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Term
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Definition
-poa pratensis (C3 plant)
-native to N America |
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Term
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Definition
-digitaria sanguinalis (C4 plant)
-S America |
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Term
| Crassulacean Acid Metabolism (CAM) |
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Definition
-same molecules and pathways as C4 pathway
-also in Bromeliads, many are epiphytic (grow on top)
-only open stomata at night b/c it's not as hot or won't lose water
-temporal separation between Carbon Dioxide fixation and C3 Cycle
-type of photosynthesis |
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Term
| Classes of Growth Regulators |
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Definition
-Auxins
-Ethylene
-Cytokinins
-Abscisic Acid (ABA)
-Gibberellins |
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Term
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Definition
-sheath of tissue around corn seedlings that would bend toward light
-when tip's removed, plant doesn't bend towards light
-Charles Darwin and Francis' study of growth in plants in response to light after the observed auxins |
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Term
| Indole-3-Acetic Acid (IAA) |
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Definition
| -chemical name for auxins |
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Term
| Basipetal and Acropetal Transport |
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Definition
-basipetal: above soil
-acropetal: below soil |
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Term
| Auxins Sites of Biosynthesis |
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Definition
-isolated in 1926
-"to grow"
-primarily in leaf primordia, young leaves, and developing seeds
-produced in sm amts in entire plant
-produced in lg amts in SAM, young leaves, and developing fruits/seeds
-produced by young leaves, sent from blade to stem, and maintains leaf on plant
-production declines in many older leaves |
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Term
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Definition
-transported polarly (unidirectionally) and nonpolarly
-in parenchyma cells near vascular tissue
-apical to basal transport |
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Term
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Definition
-stimulates lateral root production
-prevents buds from growing into stems
-Apical Dominance
-promotes root growth
-inhabits action of ethylene
-inhibits/promotes flowering
-stimulation of fruit development |
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Term
| Cytokinins Sits of Biosynthesis |
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Definition
-named for cytokinesis, "cell division"
-initially extracted from coconut milk
-primarily in root tip
-production in developing seeds, fruits, and young leaves
-in soils w/high levels of nutrients, lots produced b/c shoot growth increased
-in low nutrient soil environment, increased root growth b/c can help plant spread roots to areas w/more nutrients |
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Term
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Definition
| -in xylem in transpiration stream, from roots to shoots |
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Term
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Definition
-important for shoot growth
-can delay leaf senescence
-can prevent chlorophyll breakdown |
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Term
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Definition
-mass of undifferentiated plant cells
-auxins and cytokinins both req for organ development |
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Term
| Sustained Undifferentiated Growth |
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Definition
| -equal concentrations of auxins and cytokinins |
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Term
| Ethylene Sites of Biosynthesis |
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Definition
-gas produced over entire plant body
-in most tissues in response to stress
-in tissues undergoing senescence or ripening |
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Term
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Definition
-diffuses throughout air around plant
-moves by diffusion from site of synthesis |
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Term
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Definition
-promotes fruit ripening
-leaf and flower senescence
-promotes leaf and fruit abscission
-programmed death/decomposition |
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Term
| Abscisic Acid Sites of Biosynthesis |
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Definition
-abbreviated as, ABA
-produced in mature leaves/roots, and developing seeds
-may be in response to water stress |
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Term
| Transport of Abscisic Acid |
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Definition
-exported from root and sent via xylem
-exported from shoot and sent via phloem |
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Term
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Definition
-prevents seed germination (delays)
-prevents precocious germination (before ready)
-root to shoot signals: in low water soils, ABA produced in roots, sent to shoot, and triggers closure of stomatal pores
-no role in abscission |
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Term
| Gibberellins Sites of Biosynthesis |
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Definition
-originally discovered in Japan (in rice fields)
-produced in developing tissues and seeds |
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Term
| Transport of Gibberellins |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| -can promotes seed germination -removes req of cold exposure in some seeds -promotes internode elongation -increases fruit size |
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Term
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Definition
-rice seedlings that grew too tall too fast
-produced by a fungus growing around roots in genus gibberella
-naturally produced by plants |
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Term
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Definition
-growth in relation to direction of light
-auxin accumulates on shaded side of plant
-triggers the elongation of cells on shaded side |
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Term
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Definition
| -growth in response to gravity |
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Term
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Definition
-dense organelles in root tip
-settle at "bottom" of cell (roll around)
-settle on microtubules or cytoskeletal elements |
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Term
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Definition
-growth in response to interaction w/physical object
-action of tendrils |
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Term
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Definition
| -growth in rxn to external stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
-take place in thylakoid membrane in pigments and proteins
-ATP formation
-req energy in form of light |
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Term
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Definition
-take place in stroma of chloroplast
-ATP used to fix Carbon Dioxide into glucose
-can take place in light or dark |
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