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Botany.gymnosperms
test 3; Ch. 22
32
Biology
Undergraduate 1
04/19/2011

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Term
oldest known seeds
Definition
from late Devonian period, more than 350 million years ago
Term
seeds
Definition
provide significant land adaptation because:

protective seed coat, supply of food for embryo, capable of dormancy in unfavorable environmental conditions
Term
pteridosperms
Definition
1st seed plants

fernlike in appearance

reclassified as gymnosperms
Term
gymnosperm
Definition
exposed nature of the seeds

seeds produced on surface of sporophylls instead of enclosed within fruit

seed bearing and pollen bearing sporophylls often arranged in cones
Term
pollen grains
Definition
produced by pollen cones
Term
female gametophyte in gymnosperms
Definition
produced inside an ovule that contains nucellus, which is enclosed in integument

even more reduced in cell number than are ferns and their relatives

doesn't grow independently but develops within sporophyte structures
Term
integument
Definition
becomes seed coat after fertilization
Term
Phylum Pinophyta
Definition
pines, firs, spruces, cedars
Term
Phylum Ginkgophyta
Definition
has single living representative (Ginkgo)

"maidenhair trees"

tree w/ fan-shaped leaves

seed enclosed in fleshy covering w/ nauseating odor

leaves on short, slow-growing spurs

deciduous, dichotomous venation
Term
Phylum Cycadophyta
Definition
leaves superficially palmlike

slow-growing plants of tropics/subtropics

tall unbranched trunks

crown of large pinnately divided leaves
Term
Phylum Gnetophyta
Definition
3 genera

wood w/ vessels

unique because of vessels in xylem
Term
pines location
Definition
dominant trees in coniferous forests of Northern Hemisphere
Term
world's oldest known living organisms
Definition
bristlecone pines
Term
pine structure
Definition
needlelike leaves arranged in clusters (fascicles) of 2 to 5 leaves

modifications for harsh conditions:
hypodermis, thick cuticle, sunken stomata, resin canals, mycorrhizal fungi

wood consists entirely of tracheids
Term
fascicle
Definition
short shoots that have restricted growth
Term
hypodermis
Definition
1 to 2 layers of thick walled cells under epidermis in pines
Term
resin canals
Definition
antiseptic and aromatic

prevent development of fungi

deter insects
Term
soft wood
Definition
conifer wood

thick walled cells absent
Term
hard wood
Definition
broadleaf tree/dicot wood

thick walled vessels and fibers present
Term
pine reproduction
Definition
microsporangia grow in pairs at base of seed cone scales of pollen cones

meiosis produces microspores that develop into pollen grains

megaspores grow in megasporangia that are in pairs of ovules at bases of scales

seed cone takes 2 years to mature
Term
male strobili
Definition
pollen cones; consist of papery or membranous scales
Term
pollen grains
Definition
develop from microspores

consist of 4 cells and a pair of air sacs (which add buoyancy in the wind)
Term
seed cones
Definition
larger than pollen cones

have woody scales with conspicuous bracts between them
Term
pine megasporagenesis
Definition
ovule contains megasporangium that contains nucellus and a megasporocyte

megasporangium surrounded by integument that has a pore called a micropyle

megasporocyte undergoes meiosis producing 4 megaspores; 3 degenerate and 1 develops into a female gametophyte w/ archegonia at micropyle
Term
1st year of pine maturing
Definition
pollen grains catch on pollen grains oozing from micropyle

pollen grain produces pollen tube that grows through nucellus

pollen tube produces 2 sperm

mature male gametophyte is the grain, tube, and 2 sperm

sperm have no flagella; no antheridium is formed

megaspore develops
Term
2nd year of pine maturing
Definition
female gametophyte and archegonium mature

pollen tube arrives at archegonium

1 sperm unites with an egg forming a zygote; other sperm degenerates

embryo nourished by female gametophyte

integument becomes seed coat
Term
ginkgo life cycle
Definition
similar to pines

dioecious
Term
cycad life cycle
Definition
similar to conifers

pollination sometimes by beetles

dioecious

has pollen & seed strobili
Term
joint furs (Ephedra)
Definition
gnetophytes; shrubby plants in drier regions of southwestern North America
Term
human uses for conifers
Definition
edible bark, needles, and seeds

masts in sailboats

crates, boxes, matchsticks, furniture

telephone poles, railroad ties, mine timbers

turpentine and rosin

fuel, pulpwood, lumber

ornamentals and pharmaceuticals
Term
human uses for ginkgo
Definition
seeds for food

increase blood circulation
Term
human use for ephedra
Definition
ephedrine for respiratory problems
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